Knowledge sharing in an organization

Managers are always seeking effective policies that encourage employees to share their knowledge with others in an organization. The appropriate organizational incentives are difficult to investigate due to human factors and other institutional complexities affecting sharing behaviors of individuals. Conducting laboratory or field experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of various organizational incentive policies is unrealistic. This work proposes a novel agent-based modeling approach to simulate the actions of knowledge sharing between actors in an organization. Several human and institutional factors in this artificial world were manipulated to understand knowledge sharing. The simulation results produce the following interesting findings. (1) The initial state of actors' action affects the knowledge-sharing action regardless of the adopted strategy. (2) Poorer collective capability among the population lowers the knowledge sharing behaviors. (3) The incentive policy has restricted effects for increasing the sharing action. Rewarding each knowledge-sharing action is more effective than the periodic organizational incentives to encourage actors' knowledge sharing behaviors.     

Environmental regulation of households: An empirical review of economic and psychological factors

The literature on sustainable consumption and environmental regulation of household behavior is dominated by conceptual and normative approaches. As a result, many suggestions lack a firm empirical basis. To overcome this deficiency, econometric studies in three areas of environmentally relevant activities of households are reviewed: residential use of energy, generation of solid waste and recycling, and residential use of water. Next to price and income elasticities, attention is devoted to individual socio-economic features and psychological factors, such as attitudes, knowledge, perceptions and values. Potential psychological determinants and related insights are further examined by discussing a range of representative and illustrative statistical–psychological studies of environmental behavior. One important general finding is that there are very few empirical studies that systematically combine socio-economic and psychological determinants. A range of insights for environmental policy is derived, and research recommendations are offered.     

员工差错取向对创新行为的影响机制研究

员工创新性活动不可避免地伴随着差错风险,组织成员对待差错的心理与行为倾向决定员工后续创新活动发展方向。结合中国情景,采用问卷调查法获取231份企事业单位的有效样本数据,基于差错反感文化视角,深入探究差错取向影响员工创新行为的内在机理。结果表明：差错取向正向影响员工创新行为;创新自我效能感在差错取向与员工创新行为间起部分中介作用;差错反感文化负向调节差错取向与员工创新行为间的关系。     

参与者公平偏好对协作型众包创新绩效激励机制的影响

协作型众包创新是以最大化创新绩效为目标的众包模式,相关实践案例已有所显现,但协作型众包创新过程中参与方的努力行为经常受到其公平偏好心理的影响。针对这一问题,采用委托代理理论,通过设计仅基于个人创新绩效(AR)和基于总创新绩效(TR)的两种激励机制提升协作型众包创新绩效,并深入探讨公平偏好对激励机制的影响。结果表明,AR机制中参赛者不可能出现利他性努力行为,而TR机制下利己性努力和利他性努力均与公平偏好负相关;两种激励机制下众包创新绩效均随公平偏好敏感度增大而下降,参赛者数量增加是否有利于提升众包创新绩效也取决于公平偏好程度;TR机制一定会产生比AR机制更高的众包绩效及发包方经济收益,但这种价值效应会被参赛者的公平偏好心理所弱化。     

合作创新网络的异质性要素识别研究

任何企业都不具备实现整个价值链中所有活动所需要的全部资源,创新所需资源的获取主要是通过网络组织实现资源的跨企业流动,如何识别并获取异质性资源,是企业实现持续创新的关键问题。在此基础上,编制合作创新网络异质性量表。基于合作创新理论与合作创新网络异质性要素的理论研究,对国际上已有量表进行分析,开发出合作创新网络异质性量表。先参考已有研究选取20个题项测度合作创新网络异质性,对458家企业开展深度访谈和问卷调查,再通过SPSS和AMOS等软件对样本数据进行探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析,最后对其信度效度进行检验。研究结果表明,合作创新网络异质性量表具有良好的信度和效度,量表包括三个关键异质性要素:技术多样性、伙伴异质性以及地理分散性。     

SCIENCE AND INDUSTRY: TRACING THE FLOW OF BASIC RESEARCH THROUGH MANUFACTURING AND TRADE

This paper describes flows of basic research through the US economy during the late 20th century. In addition, the paper studies the effect of the flows on scientific papers in industries and fields. This article differs from others in its use of measures of science rather than technology. Together, its results present a picture of the structure of basic research flows in a modern, science-intensive economy. Basic research flows are large within petrochemicals and drugs, and within software and communications. Flows of chemistry, physics, and engineering are common throughout all industries – biology and medicine are almost confined to petrochemicals and drugs; and computer science is nearly as restricted to software and communications. In general, basic research flows are more concentrated within scientific fields than within industries. Our findings concerning the production of scientific papers indicate that the effect of a 1% change in academic R&D spillovers significantly exceeds that of industrial spillovers. In addition, within-field effects exceed effects between-fields, while within- and between-industry effects are roughly equal. It follows that scientific fields limit basic research flows more than industries do, perhaps because large firms implicitly span a range of industries.     

Web2．0环境下基于知识流的KMS设计

知识管理实施的难点是隐性知识的显化及其管理问题,研究证明基于Web2．0的KMS可以解决隐性知识的显化问题。但其无法解决其管理问题,知识无法被有效利用。文章在归纳现有KMS所存在不足的基础上,认为组织流程应统一于知识流,通过基于知识流的流程再造,探讨了Web2．0与KMS的集成模式;最后设计并实现了Web2．0环境下基于知识流的KMS系统。     

The moderating effects of knowledge characteristics of firms on the financial value of innovative technology products

The development of innovative technology products is both costly and risky, and their economic value is highly uncertain. Based on a sample of 312 innovative technology products introduced between 1987 and 2006 in the U.S. and a long-horizon event study with control firms, we study the impact of innovative technology products on the long-term financial performance of a firm. In particular, we examine how the knowledge characteristics of the firm, which embrace its knowledge absorptive capacity, knowledge impact, and knowledge diversity, moderate such an impact. We find that on average an innovative technology product increases the firm's return on assets (ROA) (relative to control firms) by 2.18% in the second year after product introduction. However, the value of an innovative technology product varies with the knowledge characteristics of the firm that invented it. We find that the financial impact of technology products is stronger when firms have higher knowledge absorptive capacity, and more impactful and less diversified knowledge (as measured by patents). We classify firms into three categories based on their knowledge characteristics. We find that firms with a high knowledge fit increase their ROA by 4.55% after product introduction, while those with a low knowledge fit receive no benefit from the innovative technology products at all.     

The technology element model,path-dependent growth,and innovation policy

This paper uses a multi-element model of technology-based growth, including characterizations of both private and public components of such elements, to assess expansion paths for high-tech industries. Such a technology element model (TEM) maintains the traditional proprietary (excludable) technology element that directly results in innovations, while adding the ‘technology platform’ – a quasi-public (non-excludable) proof of concept that bridges the gap between an industry's science base and proprietary technology development, and a diverse technical infrastructure that has substantial impacts on industry productivity. These three elements are related to each other and to the production of technical knowledge by a homothetic technology production function. The TEM is then applied to assess the concept of constrained expansion paths. Such path dependence is shown to be a natural evolutionary process in that the evolving character of a technology over time is not necessarily the result of market failures. Finally, the TEM and the concept of path dependence are combined to assess the factors affecting both adaptive and allocative efficiency with respect to the expansion path, thereby better informing innovation policy.     

中国企业转型升级研究热点与前沿

中国关于企业转型升级的研究已有近20年历史,对于其研究历程和发展动向虽有相关综述性研究,但尚未有研究运用文献计量方法进行系统科学的整理。采用CiteSpace文献计量工具绘制企业转型升级知识图谱,并结合共词分析、聚类分析和战略坐标等方法,以CSSCI数据库中1998-2014年5 427篇企业转型升级研究论文为对象,探讨该领域研究状况、研究热点和研究前沿。研究结果显示：全球价值链、加工贸易、制造业转移、中国产业结构升级、产业集群升级和转型升级路径等是中国企业转型升级领域的主要研究热点;品牌经济、传统产业转型、中小企业转型升级、研发投入和代工企业等可能成为该领域研究前沿。