我国农业可持续发展面临的困境与对策

尽管近20年来,随着农村经济体制的改革,我国农业发展取得了举世瞩目的成就,但是,日趋严重的资源与环境问题,粮食与食物安全问题,农业科技进步与国际农业竞争问题,农业成本与效益问题及农村剩余劳动力的充分就业问题等却使农业持续发展面临重重困境,这些问题如果处理不好,将直接影响我国整个国民经济的持续发展及国家的安全与稳定,本文拟对我国农业持续发展面临的困境及对策问题做一些初步的剖析与探讨。     

构建中西部农业生态经济协调发展资金支持体系的研究

中西部是中国经济落后,生态环境脆弱的地区,制约和影响中西部地区农业经济发展的主要因素之一就是资金的短缺。要使农业得以可持续发展,国家的财政金融政策、地方政府的投资力度、农业自身的产业化资金积累、农业利用外资的规模和效益等都将对农业的可持续发展带来巨大影响。本文分析了中西部地区农业资金投入的现状,提出构建中西部地区农业可持续发展的资金支持体系的基本原则及具体建议。     

美国的农业生产与资源、生态环境保护

本文介绍了美国由于受精生产开发而引起的土地、水资源和生态环境问题,以及解决这些问题的对策。     

农业外商直接投资地区集聚状况的实证研究——以江苏省为例

外商直接投资在东道国一般会出现地区的集聚现象,农业外商直接投资是否会形成集聚呢?本文对江苏省农业FDI的地区集聚状况进行了实证研究,结果表明:江苏省某些地区的农业FDI存在较明显的国别集聚和产业集聚。文章还对农业FDI的来源国集聚和产业集聚原因进行了分析。     

重庆烟农专业合作社主导模式及发展路径分析

发展烟农专业合作社,是现代烟草农业建设的重要抓手与关键环节。作为我国重要烟叶产区之一,重庆发展烟农专业合作社已有近6年的历史,逐渐形成了烟叶站点依托型、经理团队负责型、单一能人主导型、社队关系松散型等多种建设模式,但同时仍然面临基础条件不足、能人队伍缺乏、内生需求不足等一系列问题。基于此,应重点在适度规模种植、基础设施建设、能人队伍培育、规范内部管理等方面进行加强。     

西藏乡村振兴的历史逻辑、战略逻辑与实践逻辑分析

党的十九大郑重部署了实施乡村振兴战略的历史任务,中央第七次西藏工作座谈会又对西藏实施乡村振兴提出了最新要求,明确推动西藏经济社会高质量发展,最重要的是巩固脱贫攻坚成果,做好与实施乡村振兴的有机衔接。西藏实施乡村振兴战略延续了自身发展农牧业与农牧区的历史逻辑,是西藏自身农牧业发展战略与国家整体乡村振兴战略的深度融合,表现出鲜明的西藏特色和问题导向。在实践逻辑上,西藏既按照党和国家关于乡村振兴战略总目标进行部署,又根据自身形势任务、机遇挑战,展开西藏“特色”乡村振兴实践。     

Evaluating Wisconsin dairy producer compliance and potential eligibility for international markets under existing European Union and United States Grade “A” bulk tank somatic cell count compliance criteria

A proposal to lower the bulk tank Somatic Cell Count (SCC) maximum for United States of America (US) Grade “A” milk producers was not adopted by the National Conference on Interstate Milk Shipments in 2011 or 2013. The proposal would have made the US Grade “A” limit consistent with many other international standards, including that of the European Union (EU). Some US states, however, have proactively adopted their own SCC limit to mirror the EU limit. The purpose of this study was to analyze the impacts on Wisconsin dairy producers if Wisconsin should adopt the current EU limit and compliance criterion. Analyses were done on SCC results for Wisconsin Grade “A” and Grade “B” dairy producers reported each month to the Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection (WDATCP) during January 1, 2009–December 31, 2012. Results were evaluated against the current US Grade “A” and EU compliance criteria for SCC and the percentage of (producer × month) combinations in compliance was determined. If the current EU SCC compliance criterion was in place, 86.7–94.3 and 64.3–77.3% of Wisconsin Grade “A” and “Grade “B” (producer × month) combinations, respectively, would have been in compliance for the years 2009–2012. Compliance of Wisconsin Grade “A” and Grade “B” producers with the existing US SCC compliance criterion during the same period was 99.3–99.7% and 87.9–93.9% (producer × month combinations) respectively. An analysis of a subset of Wisconsin Grade “A” producers indicated that smaller-volume producers were less likely than larger-volume producers to meet the EU criterion.     

台湾休闲农业发展研究——基于文献资料的研究

随着改革开放的发展以及对台湾的合作交流日益密切,台湾休闲农业的发展路程与前景一片光明,同时,台湾休闲农业发展的理论研究成果也日益丰厚。文章选取以台湾休闲农业为研究主题的专业期刊文献为研究对象,对我国近14年来的台湾休闲农业旅游发展的相关研究进行分析总结。认为台湾休闲农业的旅游发展研究成果丰富,基本上涵盖了从概念、影响、模式等方面。文章着重归纳总结了台湾休闲农业从起初的单纯农业到发展成一个成熟的休闲农业产业的过程。     

The nexus between gender,collective action for public goods and agriculture: evidence from Malawi

Across the developing world, public goods exert significant impacts on the local rural economy in general and agricultural productivity and welfare outcomes in particular. Economic and social‐cultural heterogeneity have, however, long been documented as detrimental to collective capacity to provide public goods. In particular, women are often underrepresented in local leadership and decision‐making processes, as are young adults and minority ethnic groups. While democratic principles dictate that broad civic engagement by women and other groups could improve the efficiency and effectiveness of local governance and increase public goods provision, the empirical evidence on these hypotheses is scant. This article develops a theoretical model highlighting the complexity of constructing a “fair” schedule of individual contributions, given heterogeneity in costs and benefits that accrue to people depending, for instance, on their gender, age, ethnicity, and education. The model demonstrates that representative leadership and broad participation in community organizations can mitigate the negative impacts of heterogeneity on collective capacity to provide public goods. Nationally representative household survey data from Malawi, combined with geospatial and administrative information, are used to test this hypothesis and to estimate the relationship between collective capacity for public good provision and community median estimates of maize yields and household consumption expenditures per capita. The analysis shows that similarities between the leadership and the general population in terms of gender and age, and active participation by women and young adult in community groups, alleviate the negative effects of heterogeneity and increase collective capacity, which in turn improves agriculture productivity and welfare.     

Gender and agriculture in sub‐Saharan Africa: introduction to the special issue

This special issue contributes to the literature on gender differences in sub‐Saharan African agriculture primarily by using new and innovative micro‐data. The first six articles have a strong focus on understanding the extent and drivers of gender differences in land productivity and use data from nationally representative household surveys that are implemented under the Living Standards Measurement Study‐Integrated Surveys on Agriculture (LSMS‐ISA) initiative. The LSMS‐ISA data are multi‐topic, with geo‐referenced household and plot locations, and information on production and identity of managers and owners at the plot level. The last two articles in the volume rely on in‐depth quantitative and qualitative case study data, which, in combination with the nationally representative data, allow for greater insights into the extent and correlates of gender differences in sub‐Saharan African agriculture. While there does seem to be persistent evidence of gender gaps, the studies find the sources of these gaps to vary within and across countries. This makes designing policies to address gender gaps more challenging, yet of crucial importance. What is clear is that the failure to directly and explicitly address the underlying causes of the disparities is likely to end up exacerbating the observed gender gaps.