International commodity taxation in the presence of unemployment

In this paper, we evaluate the impact of commodity tax competition on welfare and employment under the destination and origin principles, when the labor market is imperfectly competitive owing to a binding fixed wage. Our main finding is that commodity taxation causes an employment externality whose signs may be opposite under the two principles. While tax competition leads to inefficient tax rates under both principles, we also prove that the origin principle guarantees lower unemployment and higher welfare when the fixed wage is high. Finally, we show that the employment externality still exists in a standard union model of wage determination.     

借鉴国外经验 加快商品物流配送现代化步伐——日本、韩国物流配送特点研究及其启示

通过对日本、韩国物流配送业的现代化技术设施和管理方法的深入了解和研究,认为我国必须学习借鉴国外先进经验,加快物流配送业的现代化步伐。提出了加快我国商品物流配送业现代化的见解。     

Investigating properties of commodity price responses to real and nominal shocks

This paper studies dynamic adjustments of 49 world commodity prices in response to innovations in the nominal exchange rate and the world real GDP. After we estimate the dynamic elasticity of the prices with respect to these shocks, we obtain the kernel density of our estimates to establish stylized facts on the adjustment process of the commodity price toward a new equilibrium path. Our empirical findings imply, on average, that the law of one price holds in the long-run, whereas the substantial degree of short-run price rigidity was observed in response to the nominal exchange rate shock. The real GDP shock tends to generate substantial price fluctuations in the short-run because adjustments of the supply can be limited, but have much weaker effects in the long-run as the supply eventually counterbalances the increase in the demand. Overall, we report persistent long-lasting effects of the nominal exchange rate shock on commodity prices relative to those of the real GDP shock.     

资本账户自由化、信贷扩张与系统性银行危机风险*

本文研究在资本账户自由化下，信贷扩张与资本流入对于系统性银行危机风险的影响。利用89个国家1973—2016年的长面板数据，并控制影响银行危机风险多项因素后，研究发现资本账户自由化有助于降低银行危机风险。进一步研究发现，FDI流入能显著降低银行危机风险；适量的股权投资流入有助于增强银行业稳定性；但当股权投资大量流入时，伴随着信贷过度扩张和资产泡沫，银行危机风险急剧增加；较低的债权投资流入对银行业稳定性无显著影响，但当超过一定规模时，银行危机风险显著增加。       

Regulatory reform and market efficiency: The case of Indian agricultural commodity futures markets

We present the results of two efficiency measures that include intraday return predictability measure based on order imbalance and measures of several variance ratio tests on intraday subsamples of nine major Indian agricultural commodity futures (castor seed, cotton oil cake, rape mustard seed, soybean, refined soya oil, crude palm oil, jeera, chana, and turmeric) quoted in the National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange (NCDEX). We perform the efficiency measures on five subsamples with holding periods of 5, 10, 15, 30, and 60 min over two sample periods following the announcement of the merger between the Forward Market Commission (FMC) and Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI). We compare results of tests of weak-form market efficiency of futures markets between two periods (pre-merger period and post-merger period). Our results confirm that Indian agricultural commodity futures markets continue to remain inefficient in the short-term during both pre-merger and post-merger periods. Based on these findings, it is likely that profitable trading strategies in the short intraday intervals will be available for traders and market participants during post-merger period. Thus, regulators must focus more on policy initiative so as to enhance market quality in order to address such inefficiencies in Indian commodity futures markets.     

清代赣南的生态与生计--兼析山区商品生产发展之限制

清代赣南山区的人口、土地和土地利用方式之间已经出现了一种相互制约的关系，外部市场的刺激亦无法从根本上改变这一土地利用方式，反而使情况更为严重。这样的生态和生计现实制约了赣南山区商品生产的进一步发展。赣南的例子说明，山区商品生产无法发展的原因不能用落后封建势力的压制来解释，人口、土地及土地利用方式之间的相互制约关系才是山区商品生产不能发展的根本原因．     

浅谈商品混凝土建筑楼面板裂缝产生的施工防治

商品混凝土大量使用于建筑施工中,楼面板裂缝引起的渗漏问题日趋严重,本文针对此问题,从几个方面作了论述。     

The Baby Boom and the Stock Market Boom*

This paper addresses two issues. The first is whether demographic change was plausibly responsible for the run‐up in stock prices over the last decade, and whether an attempt by the baby boom cohort to cash out of its investments in the period 2010–2030 might lead to an “asset meltdown”. The second issue is whether the rise in dependency that will accompany the retirement of the baby‐boom cohort calls for an increase in national saving. We analyze these issues using a forward‐looking macro‐demographic model, and show that they are related via the existence of installation costs for capital. If such costs are sufficiently large, then demographics do have the power to affect stock prices, but “saving for America's old age” is less optimal. However, conventional estimates of capital installation costs are not large enough to explain large stock price movements in response to actual demographic change.     

中国商品市场的合成指数分析

利用增长循环对我国商品市场进行景气分析,通过选取1999～2006年间与商品市场密切相关的重要经济指标,如工业增加值、进口总额、原材料购进价格指数和商品零售价格指数等,用美国商务部编制的方法将其合成为商品市场经济景气指数,以此作为观测不同类型商品市场波动的综合尺度,最后结合实际经济形势进行了合成指数分析,并提出了相关的政策建议.     

Stocks‐to‐use ratios and prices as indicators of vulnerability to spikes in global cereal markets

We identify critical stocks‐to‐use ratios (SURs) for major grains and for an index of total calories from these grains. The latter appears to be a promising indicator of vulnerability to large price spikes when the current price shows no cause for concern. More generally, our results suggest that stocks data, though no doubt unreliable, can be valuable complements to price data as indicators of vulnerability to shortages and price spikes.