基于复杂网络视角的供应链脆弱性预防和应对策略

分析了供应链网络的复杂网络相关特性,揭示了供应链网络脆弱性的产生机理;基于复杂网络的视角,研究了供应链网络脆弱性的预防策略;并运用牵制控制和弱连接理论研究了供应链网络发生中断或者发生突发事件后的应对策略.     

Processes and structures of networks: reflections on methodology

While social capital has been applied in a variety of contexts, the nature, role and application of social capital in an entrepreneurial context have not been extensively explored. The nature of social capital presents a conceptual puzzle in that it is said to be both glue, which forms the structure of networks, and at the same time a lubricant that facilitates the operation of networks. Using techniques of participant observation and interviews, this paper attempts to resolve this enigma. It finds that social capital is not a thing, but a process that creates a condition of social capital. The structural and relational aspects are found to be dimensions of this process. Interestingly, the data also demonstrates that there are successful etiquettes of social capital formation. These etiquettes provide the rules and framework for the interactions.     

基于博弈论的复杂产品系统技术创新联盟信任机制分析

技术创新联盟具有极大的竞争优势。由于复杂产品系统创新活动的高风险、高投入以及高技术特点,其创新活动需要不同企业之间的合作,因此,技术创新联盟就显得十分必要。而信任机制是技术创新联盟形成与发展的重要动力,是提高复杂产品技术创新联盟稳定性的重要途径。运用博弈论方法,通过对联盟内企业间一次性博弈和重复博弈的分析,阐释了复杂产品技术创新联盟中信任机制的形成机理。基于此,引入法律、信誉和情感等外部作用因素,构建了建立外部作用约束下的复杂产品技术创新联盟企业之间的信任机制博弈模型,提出了建立联盟信任关系的对策。     

区域科技孵化网络的自组织演化机制研究

区域科技孵化网络是一个涉及大量行为主体和要素之间相互作用的复杂社会经济系统。基于自组织演化理论,研究了区域科技孵化网络自组织演化的基本原理,指出合作竞争是区域科技孵化网络自组织演化的动力来源。根据承担功能的不同,把区域科技孵化网络分成了核心网络、辅助网络和外部网络3个层次,分析了区域科技孵化网络由核心网络向辅助网络、外部网络自组织演化的过程。研究表明,当核心主体之间的联系不断加强,且大部分核心主体共享某些辅助主体和外部主体时,网络的有序性和有效性将不断提高。     

Regional social capital: Embeddedness, innovation networks and regional economic development

Technology is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for regional economic development. Regional innovation networks transform technology into competitiveness of firms and thus contribute to economic development. Intangible assets, such as social capital, decide how effective regional innovation networks function. Differences in regional social capital thus help explain regional differences in economic development. Regional social capital originates from the embeddedness of firms in regional webs of social relations. The norms, values and customs of these networks facilitate collaboration for mutual benefit. As innovation is increasingly a network effort, embeddedness and social capital also help explain how and why networks of innovating companies are successful, as the case study of the Stimulus Cluster Scheme shows.     

The endogenous formation of scientific research coalitions

The paper develops a formal model of coalition-building ("network" formation) among research units that seek competitive funding from a supra-regional program, while also drawing support from their respective regional funding agencies. This analysis is motivated by the absence of frameworks of analysis applicable to problems of design of public R&D funding arrangements in the European Union, and in other regional systems were independent programs of "federal and state" support for research co-exists. The model assumes a fixed finite population of research units and an associated distribution of reputed quality, or scientific reputation, which may be modified as a consequence of research results. Non-cooperative games of coalition formation developed by Bloch (1995), and Ray and Vohra (1999), provides a useful single-period framework for this part of the analysis. Collaborations are formed in the expectation of attracting incremental research funding, given the selection criteria of the agency that offers funding for "networks". Invitations to join proposals for networks are initiated and acted upon following a specific ordering procedure. This gives rise to a repeated non-cooperative game of coalition (or collaboration) formation, in which the distribution of payoffs within the collaboration is governed by a fixed rule. Following Keely (2002), this type of game is applied to a multi-period setting in which a distribution of coalitions is tracked, along with the levels of funding received. The latter are determined according to a rule comparing the distribution of reputations within proposed collaborations, and the effects upon the distribution of reputations in the entire population are analysed. Alternative possible external funding rules are evaluated with the help of a numerical example, to determine how their impacts upon collaboration formation, and the resulting evolution of the reputation distribution (as that will be affected by the allocation of funding).     

Managing The Environment

Abstract

The literature on network management in the public sector reports positive effects of network activity on agency performance. Current studies show however no differences between specific types of contacts in an agency's environment. The present article adopts an explorative design to study the different types of environmental actors in the networks of nine colleges for nursing studies in the Netherlands. A typology of environmental ties is introduced, and applied to the nine cases. It appears that contacts to different types of actors reflect different levels of ambition in the network management of the colleges. The level of ambition in network management appears to be associated with two indicators for college performance: it is positively associated with diploma rate, and negatively associated with drop-out rates among freshmen. These results are discussed with reference to the current literature in public network management.     

Reshaping Community Mental Health Services in a Restructured State: New Zealand 1984-97

The concept of the hollow state has been proposed as a general framework for public sector restructuring, with New Zealand seen as a leader in reforming social and welfare services, including mental health. This article reports on documentary and interview research into the provision of community-based mental health services in terms of hollow state characteristics: privatization, decentralization and flexibilization. The evidence suggests that privatization occurred only at the margins, that decentralization led to significant regional differences in contractual arrangements and services and that flexibilization brought mixed blessings to the agencies involved. Consistent with findings from elsewhere related to hollow state mechanisms, performance assessment and accountability became more difficult. It is concluded that such frameworks are not appropriate for sectors such as mental health where there is high uncertainty and vulnerable service recipients. Recent policy changes suggest a retreat from privatization and flexibilization, and the emergence of a new balance between centralized and decentralized decision making.