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1.
Brett FAIRBAIRN 《Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics》2017,88(3):425-448
In recent years the term social innovation has become widely used by policy makers, yet important ambiguities remain. One of these concerns what has been called the paradox of embedded agency – how social innovators conceive of something new when working with existing social institutions. So far few writers have considered whether historical examples can, with benefit of hindsight, shed light on the relationships between social innovators and social institutions. This paper considers the example of Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen, creator of rural credit unions and agricultural co‐operatives in 19th‐century Germany. Raiffeisen was a social conservative who worked in many ways within existing social institutions. At the same time, his desire to meet social needs drove him to create new forms of action and organization that resulted in social innovation. Raiffeisen's process of invention shows that social innovation, particularly in transitional eras like his, need not be a matter of using logical‐deductive processes to address a social need, but may depend critically on values, will, a readiness to experiment, and an ability to find allies. These qualities enabled Raiffeisen to break through existing institutions to do something fundamentally new, and they may be qualities that provide new focus for social‐innovation research and policy. 相似文献
2.
兵团特殊性和独特的农业双层经营体制决定了兵团农工专业合作组织的发展有别于地方农村的农民专业合作组织。那么,区别在哪里,兵团农业双层经营体制对农工专业合作组织发展影响又如何？本文在比较兵团农业双层经营体制与地方农村基本经营制度的基础上,结合兵团农工专业合作组织的发展现状,利用新制度经济学相关理论进行分析研究,得出以下主要结论：在兵团农业双层经营体制下,集体行动的困境是兵团农工合作经济组织发展缓慢以及大多数合作组织停留在专业技术协会层面而无法实现向农工专业合作社转变的组织行为学解释;成员资源禀赋不足及资源禀赋互补性不强对兵团农工专业合作组织的组建和发展影响明显;兵团农场“委托一代理”模式的交易费用的节约效用并不明显;兵团的农业种植结构对农工专业合作组织的发展并不是非常有利。最后提出相应对策建议。 相似文献
3.
The marketing of much New Zealand farm produce has often been left in the hands of farmer/grower co-operatives. Increasingly concerns have been raised about the effectiveness of such structures. Marketers have identified the need for cooperatives to move from a farmer centric to a market centric approach. However, questions have been raised about the viability of traditional cooperative arrangements to support a market-oriented strategy. This article examines the ability of traditional and new generation co-operatives to develop and support market-based assets including brands and long-term relationships with channel buyers in order to develop a sustainable position for their members and increase returns. The findings suggest that traditional cooperatives may be able to develop innovative marketing programs but struggle to support them over the long-term due to problems in ownership structures. The new generation co-operatives studied had more sustained long-term success, as members were able to capture the equity of intangible assets such as brand value, thus ensuring they undertook actions (such as channel support) consistent with building a sustainable long-term positioning. 相似文献
4.
Julien Cadot 《Agricultural Economics》2015,46(2):187-194
Vertical integration theory has long suggested internal costs related to changes in incentives due to vertical integration, which means that vertical integration may lead to agency costs. In this work, we specify the notion of agency costs of vertical integration and extend Ang et al. (2000)'s measurement of agency costs to provide an empirical assessment of these costs in the French wine industry. Our econometric analysis finds that the agency costs of vertical integration may reach 2–3% of sales. It also showed that operating expenses of vertical integration are lower for cooperatives than for other firms, while vertical integration is less rewarding for them. This raises questions on the relation between agency costs in cooperatives and their performance. 相似文献
5.
Sandhyarani Patlolla Rachael E. Goodhue Richard J. Sexton 《Agricultural Economics》2012,43(1):105-114
In India, cane is processed into sugar by cooperatives, public enterprises, and private (for‐profit) firms. The Indian government sets a unique floor price for each processor that is increasing in the firm's effectiveness in converting cane into sugar. The floor price binds for public and private firms but not for cooperatives, which rebate profits to members. We argue that this price floor policy creates a disincentive for private and public firms to be technically efficient in converting cane to sugar. In support of this hypothesis an analysis of 593 Indian sugar factories from 1992 to 2007 reveals statistically significant differences in technical efficiency, with cooperatives being the most efficient and public firms least efficient. We estimate welfare losses due to the technical inefficiency attributable to the price‐floor policy and argue that it can be eliminated by enacting policy to base price floors upon quality of the cane input received by a factory. 相似文献
6.
尹志超 《广东经济管理学院学报》2006,21(6):53-59
中国农村信用合作社的发展规模比较小；其经营特征呈现出资产结构异化，股金规模偏低，存贷款剪刀差的特征；其经营效率呈现出高成本、低收益的形势；其资金主要来源于成本较高的定期储蓄存款；经营结果表现为资产质量低，不良资产比例高，经营亏损严重。因此，中国农村信用合作社的改革迫在眉睫。其改革必须从内部和外部两方面入手，在内部应着力组建真正的信用合作组织，在外部应重点构建合理的制度框架。 相似文献
7.
农民合作社是带动农户进入市场的基本主体,是发展农村集体经济的新型实体,是创新农村社会管理的有效载体。2013年中央一号文件中,要求各地大力发展农业合作社,按照积极发展、逐步规范、强化扶持、提升素质的要求,加大力度、加快步伐发展农民合作社,切实提高农业合作社引领带动能力和市场竞争能力。农民合作社作为实现农村生产关系调整和完善的重要形式因此得到社会的关注。然而,由于农民合作社发展状况与现行的信贷管理要求相距甚远,金融支持却困难重重,徘徊不前,与农民合作社强势发展态势形成鲜明对比。为探析新形势下金融支持农民合作社的有效途径,人民银行抚松县支行近期对县域金融支持农民合作社的情况进行了专题调查。 相似文献
8.
The impact of multinational firms on the domestic agricultural sector in developing countries is controversial, in particular in India. Relying on a unique set of household‐level data from the state of Punjab, we study the biggest dairy company in the world (Nestlé) in India and compare its vertical spillover effects on upstream suppliers to other market channels (informal sector and cooperatives). We find that farmers that supply informal channels are less efficient and earn lower profits per dairy animal than farmers supplying the cooperative and the multinational sector. Furthermore, we find that farmers using the multinational channel are more efficient than farmers in the cooperative channel, but equally profitable. Hence, we do not find that supplying the cooperative channel is more beneficial for local dairy farmers than supplying the multinational channel. Overall, however, dairy productivity and profitability levels are still dramatically low, with substantial scope for dairy development. 相似文献
9.
近年来,农民专业合作社发展迅速,并且将成为引领我国农业生产经营体制创新的重要主体,已经成为我国主要的市场主体之一。而根据传统的民商法理论已经不能清楚地判断农村专业合作社的法律性质,使得理论界对此产生争议。本文从对农民专业合作社的性质、类型等相关问题进行分析研究,明确其在民商事法律关系中的法律地位,并对城镇化背景下农民专业合作社发展的前景进行探究。 相似文献
10.
Garth Holloway Charles Nicholson Chris Delgado Steve Staal Simeon Ehui 《Agricultural Economics》2000,23(3):279-288
Some small-holders are able to generate reliable and substantial income flows through small-scale dairy production for the local market; for others, a set of unique transaction costs hinders participation. Cooperative selling institutions are potential catalysts for mitigating these costs, stimulating entry into the market, and promoting growth in rural communities. Trends in cooperative organization in east-African dairy are evaluated. Empirical work focuses on alternative techniques for effecting participation among a representative sample of peri-urban milk producers in the Ethiopian highlands. The variables considered are a modern production practice (cross-bred cow use), a traditional production practice (indigenous-cow use), three intellectual-capital-forming variables (experience, education, and extension), and the provision of infrastructure (as measured by time to transport milk to market). A Tobit analysis of marketable surplus generates precise estimates of non-participants' 'distances' to market and their reservation levels of the covariates — measures of the inputs necessary to sustain and enhance the market. Policy implications focus on the availability of cross-bred stock and the level of market infrastructure, both of which have marked effects on participation, the velocity of transactions in the local community and, inevitably, the social returns to agroindustrialization. 相似文献