收入导向型商品、价格导向型商品和文化消费——由"大、小蛋糕现象"切入的分析

经济学中的收入导向型商品和价格导向型商品的关系是:收入导向型商品未必是价格导向型商品,但价格导向型商品一定是收入导向型商品.当收入导向型商品中的正常商品被成功地赋予了可广泛接受的文化价值内涵时,它便具有了价格导向型商品的必需品性质,此时,商品的需求对价格水平不敏感,商品的需求量在高价格水平上会呈现出显著增大的趋势.这一规律的经济含义是,企业要维持高价格条件下商品的旺盛需求,必须要善于挖掘和创新那些与商品自身特点相关联的文化价值内涵.     

Uncertainty avoidance and the rate of business ownership across 21 OECD countries, 1976–2004

Persistent differences in the level of business ownership across countries have attracted the attention of scientific as well as political debate. Cultural as well as economic influences are assumed to play a role. This paper deals with the influence of cultural attitudes towards uncertainty on the rate of business ownership across 21 OECD countries. First, the concepts of uncertainty and risk are elaborated, as well as their relevance for entrepreneurship. An occupational choice model is introduced to underpin our reasoning at the macro-level. Second, regression analysis using pooled macro data for 1976, 1990 and 2004 and controlling for several economic variables, yields evidence that uncertainty avoidance is positively correlated with the prevalence of business ownership. According to our model, a restrictive climate of large organizations in high uncertainty avoidance countries pushes individuals striving for autonomy towards self-employment. Regressions for these 3 years separately show that in 2004, this positive correlation is no longer found, indicating that a compensating pull of entrepreneurship in countries with low uncertainty avoidance may have gained momentum in recent years. Third, an interaction term between uncertainty avoidance and GDP per capita in the pooled panel regressions shows that the historical negative relationship between GDP per capita and the level of business ownership is substantially weaker for countries with lower uncertainty avoidance. This suggests that rising opportunity costs of self-employment play a less important role in this cultural environment, or are being compensated by increasing entrepreneurial opportunities.

Localizing management in foreign-invested enterprises in China: practical,cultural, and strategic perspectives

The business case for the rapid localization of management has often been argued. This paper takes a critical look at the assumptions underlying such arguments. This exploration utilizes data gathered from a variety of Japanese, Korean, Hong Kong, and European ventures in China. Evidence from these case studies is incorporated within a broader exploration of Chinese cultural values and attitudes derived from ethnographic research and approaches to the strategic management of multinational enterprises. It is suggested that localization is likely to proceed at a much slower pace than its main advocates may wish or anticipate, and that there are practical, cultural, and strategic factors which may, and perhaps should, inhibit rapid localization. Such factors range from the lack of suitably qualified local managers, to control and surveillance functions and expatriates' roles as trainers, co-ordinators, and relatively neutral 'outsiders'. It is proposed that the development of a core of culturally literate expatriates can become a valuable resource for MNEs and that their selection, support, and compensation packages should be considered as an investment in firms' long-term strategic development.     

A Conceptual Regulatory Framework for the Design and Evaluation of Complex,Participative Cultural Planning Strategies

The current hype about culture‐led local development models is causing an increasing interest in cultural policies in the broader context of urban policy. This is not necessarily a transitory situation bound to fade once the hype is over. Under certain conditions, there is room to believe that culture may indeed become a main development driver of urban systems. For this to happen, however, it is necessary to abandon simple mono‐causal developmental schemes (such as the ‘creative class’ model) and look for more articulated approaches. This calls in turn for a complex systems‐based conceptual framework that is at the same time rich enough to capture the complexity of the interdependences among policy and state variables, and manageable enough to be of practical use, not only for policy design professionals but also for local stakeholders who want to take part in collective decision‐making processes. Inclusiveness and collective decision making are almost unavoidable in the case of cultural planning strategies, as the social sustainability of culture‐based value creation processes crucially depends on boosting the level of access to cultural opportunities by local residents. In this article we present an approach that may be a tentative first step in this direction.     

广州文化贸易发展SWOT分析

近年来,广州着力推进文化大发展、大繁荣的政策,提升文化贸易在国际上的竞争力。广州文化贸易在总量上增长较快,文化产品出口取得了较大的成就,但同时也存在文化贸易规模偏小、贸易主体实力较弱、专业性人才匮乏等问题。利用SWOT分析方法剖析广州文化贸易存在的优势、劣势、机会和威胁,发现广州文化贸易存在问题及威胁,但更面临着发展机遇,总体来看优势是主要的,需多方合力促进广州文化贸易发展。     

Using Hofstede's cultural dimensions to explain sexually harassing behaviours in an international context

It is increasingly evident that sexual harassment concerns in the workplace are not limited by national boundaries. Yet, sexual harassment as a research topic has been studied mostly in the United States. Further, even in the US, very few studies have explored sexual harassment from a cross-cultural perspective. The current paper examines this major gap in the literature and focuses on how cultural dimensions are important and can significantly influence the likelihood to sexually harass in various countries. Specifically, this paper develops a model using Hofstede's cultural dimensions, and conceptualizes these dimensions as key variables in explaining differences in the social-sexual interactions between various countries. It is suggested that varying differences in these dimensions across countries may predict the likelihood of managers sexually harassing in an international and a cross-cultural context.     

Working in Kazakhstan and Russia: perception of French managers

The purpose of this exploratory research study is to provide an understanding of how French managers perceive major characteristics of Kazakhstani and Russian management cultures. Based on literature review about culture, the paper uses the cultural dimensions developed by such researchers as Adler, Hall, Hofstede, Schein, Trompenaars, etc., and summarized by Schneider and Barsoux (1997). A qualitative research method - an adaptation of the critical incident technique developed by Flanagan (1954) - is used to explain the peculiarities of Kazakhstani and Russian management culture that create problems for the French managers interviewed (fifteen in Kazakhstan and twelve in Russia). The results indicate that French managers find many common points in the management cultures of Kazakhstan and Russia: both cultures are perceived as cultures with a higher power distance and as more particularistic cultures where a social orientation prevails over a task orientation. Other common points concern human nature, time and truth and reality dimensions. However, there are important differences noted by French managers. Kazakhstani management culture is perceived by them as about being rather than doing and a more collectivist culture, with an orientation towards higher uncertainty avoidance. In the case of Russia, the most importance difference is about hierarchy and affectivity dimensions.     

夜郎文化旅游创新区研究

夜郎文化的神秘感深深地吸引着现代旅游者。显然,对于旅游者来说,他们需要的仅仅是一个能感受夜郎文化氛围、承载着夜郎文化精髓的旅游活动场所,并非历史上那个真实的夜郎古国。据此,本文选择牂牁江畔因光照电站修建而移建的与夜郎文化有着历史渊源的茅口新镇(夜郎镇)作为夜郎文化旅游产品的承载体,用文化广场、夜郎古堡、古军事码头、宫廷礼仪、歌舞表演、陈列馆、特色餐饮、竹质用品(商品)等形式将夜郎文化的精髓呈现给旅游者。     

Differentiated price loss aversion in destination choice: The effect of tourists’ cultural interest

This article looks into the differentiated effects of loss aversion depending on whether individuals show cultural interest when choosing a destination. Based on the fact that perceived value implies not only sacrifices but also the expectations of a certain level of quality and prospects of satisfaction, together with the idea the Prospect Theory applies to tourism prices, the article states the hypothesis that interest in culture when choosing a destination lowers people’s loss aversion. By incorporating the reference-dependent model into a Multinomial Logit Model with Random Parameters – which controls for heterogeneity – the empirical application shows that culture-interested tourists are less loss averse; i.e. the negative effect of finding a higher than expected price diminishes with cultural interest. The expectation of enjoyment of these attributes and the more conscious attitude toward maintenance/restoration activities of cultural sites are hypothesized to lead prices to be evaluated differently when selecting a destination.     

Linking top management team age heterogeneity to firm performance: juxtaposing two mid-range theories

Previous research on top management team heterogeneity and firm performance has focused almost exclusively on the non-visible attributes (e.g. functional background, tenure) of cultural diversity as opposed to the visible attributes (e.g. age, race and gender). The few studies there are show inconsistent results. For example, most field work - consistent with social identity theory notions - shows that cultural diversity, in isolation has negative organizational consequences. Only a few laboratory studies, however - consistent with information and decision-making theories - show that diversity in groups relates to favourable organizational outcomes. As social identity theory suggests, we find that top management team (TMT) age heterogeneity, in isolation, relates negatively to return on assets. On sales growth (i.e. organizational growth), the relationship is positive, lending support for information and decision-making theories. However, we find a curvilinear relationship between TMT age heterogeneity and sales growth, supporting both the mid-range theories. More specifically, TMT age heterogeneity is positively related to sales growth at low and medium levels and negatively related to sales growth at high levels. In addition, results reveal that context moderates linear and non-linear relationships. The results provide evidence of the importance of cultural diversity in TMTs for competitive advantage but also suggest the complexities of increasing it to observe these benefits.