“后学院”语境下科学家角色分化及社会影响

在后学院科学时代,科学研究更加普遍地与产业界、政府部门相结合,科学种类和性质变得日益庞杂,原有的学院科学家角色逐渐发生分化,形成了学院科学家、产业科学家和政府科学家等多元角色并存及相互转化的发展态势。深入探讨“后学院”语境下科学家角色分化趋势、动因及社会影响,有助于更好地理解新兴技术时代科技与社会的深度互动,为进一步优化科技治理、推进创新体系建设提供理论参考。     

出生地规模、个体收入差距和城市规模分化

文章采用中国劳动力动态调查数据,基于个体选择的微观机制,考察了出生地规模对个体收入的时间效应、空间异化效应、代际传递效应和迁移效应;从出生地规模这一独特的视角,解释了收入差距持久性的成因。研究发现:出生地作为个体的初始禀赋对个体未来收入存在显著影响,出生地规模越大,个体的未来收入越高;这一效应伴随个体在出生地的成长时长增强,并依据不同城市的特征产生空间异化效应。另外,出生地规模不仅影响了个体的未来收入,也对个体的迁移行为产生了显著的影响;而个体的迁移选择又进一步引起了城市规模分化。具体而言,出生地城市规模越大的个体迁移概率越大,且出生地城市规模越大的个体越趋向迁移到比出生地规模更大的城市;而迁移个体的迁移次数越多,出生地规模的收入效应越强。基于上述出生地规模对收入的正向促进作用和迁移效应,家庭效用最大化的个体将趋于迁往规模更大的城市,这将引起城市规模分化加剧。文章证实了初始禀赋对个体收入影响的长期性和持续性,并为城市规模和个体收入的相关研究提供了新的视角。     

Product Differentiation,the Volume of Trade and Profits under Cournot and Bertrand Duopoly

This article analyses how product differentiation affects the volume of trade under duopoly using Shubik-Levitan demand functions rather than the Bowley demand functions used by Bernhofen (2001). The drawback of Bowley demand functions is that an increase in product differentiation increases the size of the market so the increase in the volume of trade may be the result of the increase in the size of the market rather than the increase in product differentiation per se. The Shubik-Levitan demand functions have the advantage that an increase in product differentiation does not increase the size of the market, but consumers still have a ‘love of variety’. It is shown that the volume of trade in terms of quantities falls with increasing product differentiation when the trade cost is relatively low, but rises with increasing product differentiation when the trade cost is relatively high. Among the results, it is shown that the trade liberalisation is more likely to be profitable under Cournot duopoly than under Bertrand duopoly for differentiated products with a positive trade cost.     

A NOTE ON FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT AND EXPORTS IN VERTICALLY DIFFERENTIATED INDUSTRIES

We examine the FDI versus exports decision of a multiproduct multinational firm which supplies vertically differentiated products, and show that the proximity‐concentration trade‐off can generate FDI‐export coexistence, i.e., the firm supplies the low‐quality products through FDI and the high‐quality products through exports. We also show that the opposite can never happen. Moreover, when the multiproduct multinational firm faces price competition in the target markets, it has an incentive to use trade costs to soften price competition, which can reduce its FDI incentive.     

Jobs specialization versus unemployment: more on the productivity effect of unemployment benefits

We use the Marimon and Zilibotti (Econ J 109: 266–291, 1999) circle model and we endogenize the choice of the degree of specialization of jobs. We show that an increase in unemployment benefits not only reduces the mismatch of talents (as in Marimon and Zilibotti), but it also raises the degree of specialization of jobs. This reinforces the productivity enhancing effects of unemployment benefits.      

LOGISTICS PERFORMANCE: EFFICIENCY,EFFECTIVENESS, AND DIFFERENTIATION

This research examines the nature of logistics performance and the contribution of logistics to the firm by empirically investigating the impact of logistics performance on organizational performance. Logistics performance is tested as a second‐order formative construct comprised of three dimensions: logistics efficiency; logistics effectiveness; and logistics differentiation. Results indicate that logistics performance positively impacts organizational performance. Theoretical and empirical support is also provided for measuring logistics performance as a second‐order formative construct, indicating that efficiency, effectiveness, and differentiation are not necessarily trade‐offs, but rather are complementary. Importantly, perceptual measures for organizational performance collected from managerial respondents were strongly correlated with secondary financial data for participating organizations obtained from Compustat, lending empirical credence to the logistics performance–organizational performance relationship.     

Emerging Trends in the Food Distribution System

Abstract

Two trends, the drive for differentiation and the clamor for collaboration, are emerging from intermediaries in the food distribution system. Differentiation by large manufacturers and retailers will encourage more direct marketing by farmers. Although differentiation by manufacturers creates entry barriers for small firms, differentiation by retailers may open opportunities. Some collaboration initiatives will increase the supply chain efficiency up to the retailer, but adoption rates of collaborative technologies by stores will likely be slow. With more differentiation, consumers will have greater choice. Some technologies that could boost the efficiency of the food distribution system may be resisted by consumers.     

区域经济发展背景下新疆农村信用社战略取向及差异化发展

2010年中央新疆工作会议以及新疆＂十二五＂规划为新疆经济跨越式发展制定了宏伟蓝图;同时,也为新疆农村信用社发展创造了良好的发展空间和发展机遇。为实现区域经济与地方银行共赢,本文认为,新形势下农村信用社必须围绕区域经济发展战略及时调整发展思路,以实现区域发展差异化及城乡业务协调发展。     

基于Hotelling模型的服务型制造增值机理研究

为探讨服务型制造对厂商差异化战略的影响,结合服务的特性,构建了区间Hotelling差异化模型:无差异化的产品竞争模型和服务差异化模型.通过对模型进行求解得到最佳服务差异化程度和均衡价格.比较和分析模型结果表明:(1)服务差异化程度大于某个临界值时才会获得正的利润;(2)适度服务差异化可以提升厂商利润和消费者剩余.(3)消费需求模式的变化是服务型制造的关键因素,而厂商移动的边际成本对其采取差异化竞争战略有重要影响.     

单一出厂定价制度下的厂商区位选择

修改Hotelling(1929)模型的基本假定,假定厂商边际生产成本为正,交通成本由消费者负担,厂商区位可以为内生变量,也可以为外生变量,在此假定前提下,分析厂商的最优的区位—价格策略,以探讨最大差异原则或者最小差异化原则何时成立,或者不成立。