西北地区城镇污水再生利用的探讨

西北地区水资源短缺，是本地区自然条件所致，如何保护、合理开发利用有限的水资源，保障本地区经济快速发展所需的水资源供给，重点在于对已开发和即将开发的天然水源的保护；对城镇工业废水及生活污水的治理和再生利用，提高单位水资源的重复利用率，发挥单位水资源的经济效益和社会效益。本文根据城镇污水再生利用的途径、存在的问题，探讨解决的办法，为西北地区可持续发展开发第二水源提出建议。     

一环路雨水支管临时迁改施工方案

经调查一环路南三段南北两侧非机动车道下各有1条直径为φ1000的雨水支管,其流向为从西往东,最终在十字路口处汇入人民南路一条南北走向的雨水主管内,但因雨水主管恰好位于地铁车站的基坑范围内必须进行迁改。根据成都市市政工程设计院的排水工程施工图设计,一环路交叉路口处新增一段横跨基坑直径为φ1400的雨水支管,将一环路的雨水直接引入人民南路东侧新建的雨水管内。     

城市水系统的可持续管理

城市水系统是在一定地域空间内,以城市水资源为主体,以水资源的开发利用和保护为过程,并与自然和社会环境密切相关,且随时空变化的动态系统.从管理角度来看,城市水系统属于城市公用事业范畴,是受政府监管而非完全竞争的产业,具有自然垄断、产品不可替代、生产连续、社会服务、适度超前等特性.随着社会的发展,城市水系统面临着人口增长、水价上升、规则增强等方面的挑战.为提高管理水平,需要采用系统论方法,总体考虑社会、经济和健康因素,将可持续发展的概念融入到城市水系统的管理中.     

水资源可持续利用及其管理的重要性分析

在新时期的快速发展中,人民群众的环保意识不断增强,越来越注重水资源的可持续利用和管理,其有助于改善生态环境,推动现代社会经济的快速发展。论文主要对水资源可持续利用及其管理的重要性进行了研究。     

关于水资源安全和可持续发展的思考——以陕西安康平利、旬阳两县为例

水资源对于地区的发展至关重要,是地区实现可持续发展的重要决定因素。本文通过对陕西安康市平利、旬阳两县水资源的利用现状、水资源问题及成因进行分析,结合当地实际状况提出了相应的发展对策,以期能有利于当地经济、社会、环境的可持续发展。     

Efficiency and Equity in Natural Resources Pricing: A Proposal for Urban Water Distribution Service

This paper focuses on the design of optimal prices for urban water distribution service. In this context, pricing should be aimed at achieving efficiency, equity, financial aspects, and/or public acceptability and transparency. The proposed tariffs are based on the theoretical frameworks suggested by Ramsey (1927) and Feldstein (1972). As a prior step, estimations of urban water demands and water costs are carried out for the Spanish municipality of Seville. Finally, an empirical comparison, in welfare terms, is conducted between the proposed tariffs and those applicable in the year 2000.     

Valuing the Benefits of Coastal Water Quality Improvements Using Contingent and Real Behaviour

Recent moves in the European Union have beenmade towards a toughening of legislation onbathing water quality. This has focussedpolicy-makers thoughts on the welfare benefitsresulting from such improvements, especiallygiven their cost. Our paper uses a combinedstated and revealed preference approach tovalue coastal water quality improvements,focussing on an area of Scotland which hasconsistently failed to meet standards under theBathing Waters Directive. We combine data onreal behaviour with data on contingentbehaviour using a random effects negativebinomial panel model. This allows us to predictboth the change in participation (trips) shouldwater quality be improved, and the welfareincrease per trip. Our model includes allowancefor the existence of substitute sites, and forchanges in recreational behaviour during abeach visit.     

Residential Water Demand in the Northwest of Spain

A panel of monthly aggregate data from the Northwest of Spain is used to estimate domestic water demand functions under linear and non-linear tariffs. Price, billing, climatic, and sociodemographic variables are used as explanatory variables. The use of intraannual data constitutes a relevant contribution in the European context. Overall marginal price elasticity estimates lie between –0.12 and –0.17. Summer-only elasticities and elasticities associated with uses beyond the effectively free allowances seem significantly higher. Climatic variables significantly affect monthly use, although probably less than in other wealthier and drier areas. Domestic water use appears to be a normal good.     

External Costs of Aquaculture Production in West Virginia

Temperate hill-lands of the U.S.A. such as those in West Virginia are areas from which increasing output of farm-raised fish may be possible. However, the downstream economic impacts of current and projected future effluent as a result of aquaculture production have not been extensively studied. Using an externality framework and a combination of primary and secondary data, this study determines pollution prevention costs (PPC), and downstream pollution damage costs resulting from fish farm wastewater effluent measured as willingness to pay (WTP) for restoring water quality. PPC is estimated at $0.11 per kg of trout produced (which would add 6% to private production cost), and WTP is estimated at $0.49 per kg of trout produced (representing 25% of private production cost) at current production and price levels. This study shows that installation of filtration units is a low-cost (less than 6% of total cost) and an effective technology for controlling pollution at the source. Internalizing external costs (adding this 6% to private production costs) is one strategy that could contribute to sustainable growth of the aquaculture industry.     

水市场失灵及其防范

用水市场来配置水资源是一种高效的水资源配置方式，但由于受水市场外部性、水资源公共产品属性以及传统文化和地方习俗等因素的影响．会产生失灵市场现象。通过加强和改善国家对水资源的宏观管理和加强对水市场的宏观调控、加大社会基础设施建设力度、建立和完善水权法律制度等．能够减少水市场失灵带来的水资源配置的低效．提高我国水资源利用水平和利用效率。