隆德县发展特色产业高效节水灌溉的主要做法及成效

地处宁夏南部山区六盘山西麓的隆德县,自20世纪90年代以来,县委、政府以科学发展观为统领,抢抓国务院《关于进一步促进宁夏经济社会发展的若干意见》的历史性机遇和中央扩大内需、拉动经济增长的政策机遇,大力发展特色产业高效节水灌溉。本文从分析特色产业发展现状入手,提出高效节水灌溉的各种对策及建议。     

Technology Adoption under Production Uncertainty: Theory and Application to Irrigation Technology

We propose a theoretical framework to analyze the conditions under which a farmer facing production uncertainty (due to a possible water shortage) and incomplete information will adopt a more efficient irrigation technology. A reduced form of this model is empirically estimated using a sample of 265 farms located in Crete, Greece. The empirical results suggest that farmers choose to adopt the new technology in order to hedge against production risk. In addition, we show that the farmer's human capital also plays a significant role in the decision to adopt modern, more efficient irrigation equipment.     

新疆玛纳斯河灌区农业水价承受力调查

简介玛纳斯灌区水量分配与逐级水价现状及被调查对象基本情况，用玛纳斯河灌区农业水价承受力调查获得的数据对农业用水户水价承受力进行分析。分析结果表明：灌区末级水价承受能力的上、下限区间为0．14～0．165元／m^3。此时，水费占净收益的比重为18．05％～21．27％，占总成本的比重为7．83％～9．23％，占总产值的比重为5．46％～6．44％。提出提高农户水价承受能力的对策：农业用水户对水价的承受能力是很低的，虽现行水价水平仍可以承受，但提价空间已不大。因此，在推广节水措施的同时，深化水利管理体制和经营机制改革，加快水价进入成本的速度，利用价格这一经济杠杆的调节作用，促使农民进一步惜水、节水，逐步实现水资源的优化配置，使水利管理单位尽快走上良性循环、健康发展的道路。     

新疆农业灌溉用水效率提升潜力分析

在对新疆农业用水现状分析的基础上,通过构建基尼系数法分析新疆灌溉用水效率,表明农业灌溉用水配置较公平,但农业灌溉用水效率较低,提高农业灌溉用水效率可以提高节水能力。通过区域间灌溉用水效率提升潜力分析表明,新疆各地州之间的节水潜力差异极大,且新疆农业灌溉用水效率具有较大的提升潜力。     

The potential impact of markets for irrigation water in Italy and Spain: a comparison of two study areas*

The viability of irrigated systems in Southern Europe is closely linked to efficient institutional settings and water‐allocation mechanisms. A significant, although not widely used, mechanism for water allocation is an intra‐sectorial water market. The objective of this paper is to evaluate to what extent water markets may contribute to the improvement of the efficiency of water allocation and to the profitability of irrigated agriculture. The related issues of water allocation among farm types and farm specialisation are also addressed. The analysis is based on a basin‐level linear programming model, comparing the situation with and without a market. It includes both fixed and variable transaction costs and estimates their combined effects on market performances. The model is applied in two areas in Southern Italy and Spain, and simulates the behaviour of different farm types, derived from cluster analysis on a sample of farms in each area. The paper confirms that water markets could potentially improve the economic efficiency of water use, in terms of higher profit per hectare, given limited water availability. The potential improvements are associated with a more intense specialisation of farms and are strongly differentiated among farmers, particularly where significant restrictions to water availability occur. This corroborates the expectations of institutional difficulties in implementing water markets. However, the exchanges, and consequently the potential effects of water markets, are heavily affected by the actual level of water availability, as well as the size and the structure (fixed vs. proportional) of transaction costs. The paper calls for a more in‐depth analysis of the connections between market performances and institutional settings, as related to the issue of water‐agriculture policy design and coordination.     

Rural Income Poverty in Western China Is Water Poverty

I. IntroductionThe elimination of poverty lies at the heart of development economics, and providesthe main justification for policies of promoting economic growth and development allover the world. Although arduous efforts have been devoted to poverty reductionworldwide, about 1.2 of 6 billion live on less than $1 a day (World Bank, 2002). AlthoughChina has reduced its poor population from 250 million in 1978 to 30 million in 2003, anoverall reduction in world poverty still depends on progre…     

Land acquisition and irrigation in Nigeria

With land as Nigeria's most important asset, successive local and central governments have sought to control the acquisition of land so that it may be put to optimal use by the population of 70 million. The author looks into the theory of land acquisition and its history in Nigeria, with special reference to a number of irrigation projects. He examines in depth the actions and attitudes of the developers in several cases and notes a lack of consistency and consideration on their part. The author records the resulting opposition to any irrigation project due to the injustices such schemes have engendered in the past. He suggests a set of guidelines to bring an Improvement in relations between land-owners and the authorities, so that development projects are not held back and finally implemented in an atmosphere of hostility.     

农业再生水灌溉现状及发展对策分析

农业再生水灌溉是解决水资源短缺的有效途径之一。从再生水灌溉的优势着眼,介绍了国内再生水灌溉的现状,分析再生水灌溉存在的问题,并在此基础上从政策等方面提出了农业再生水灌溉发展的对策和建议。     

农业灌溉经济统计中的信息管理与建设

水资源和水土环境资料的整理分析,是农业水利灌溉中一项细致复杂的统计基础工作.全面客观地反映农业灌溉统计信息的各项指标、经济整体与灌溉水环境影响因素,定期撰写农村灌渠水土环境统计分析报告,及时提供灌溉指标数据,实现有效信息交换与共享,更新完善灌溉统计数据库,建设统计信息智能网络化平台,健全灌溉信息通报机制,充实基层统计队伍,提高灌溉统计信息分析、监测量化和服务管理能力,是实现农业水利统计的准确性、时效性、科学性和权威性的要求.