Tourism at Costalegre,Mexico: An ecosystem services-based exploration of current challenges and alternative futures

Tourism, as all human activities, is dependent on the natural environment and its respective ecosystem services (ES). Different user groups manage and consume these touristic ES differently, resulting in discrepancies and potential conflicts. Despite the urgency to find inclusive local approaches for sustainable development, tourism studies still analyze socio-economic and ecological impacts separately and lack integrated social–ecological approaches to improve foresight in tourism planning. Based on a growing concern regarding the future of Costalegre on the Jalisco coast of Western Mexico, we analyze through interviews, surveys, and participant observation the dependence of tourism on specific ecosystem services and conduct a scenario analysis which shows present and future implications for the social–ecological system. Furthermore, this analysis shows in detail how different scenarios change ES provision and people's livelihoods. Key findings include identifying freshwater provision and cultural ES as the most important touristic ES. At a regional scale, peasants in ejidos are the main ES stewards, whereas high-class tourism facilities constitute important local stewards. Benefits, mainly access to freshwater and the beach, are unequally distributed, provoking conflicts among different ES user groups that may escalate in the near future. Improved communication between all user groups and strengthening of key political actors seem to be the most immediate recommendations to ensure the long term sustainability of this particular region. This work may contribute to improved planning and decision-making as our ES based scenarios are a first step to integrate social–ecological knowledge into improved decision-making. At a local scale, the study reveals the most likely future development options and their social and ecological consequences. It could also serve as a baseline for informed policy making.     

旅游项目风险因素分析的生态系统观点

旅游业是一个关联度大、相关带动性强的经济性产业,因此其风险因素众多.从创新生态系统视角-对旅游项目的风险因素进行分析,可以将这些风险因素分为三类,项目自身风险、项目依赖风险和资源整合风险.     

数字赋能企业商业生态系统跃迁升级的机理及路径研究

数字技术应用融合叠加商业模式创新催生商业生态新业态,实现跃迁升级。本文结合扎根理论与模糊集定性比较分析（fsQCA）方法,阐释数字赋能企业商业生态系统跃迁升级的机理,探究多重组态路径。从生态视角揭示了数字资源通过与传统要素资源融合释放数据价值,并驱动形成价值循环体系、实现价值共创、塑造商业群落,最终实现企业商业生态系统跃迁升级。基于fsQCA的多组态分析发现,数字赋能企业商业生态系统跃迁升级历经两个阶段分别为价值共创和商业群落生成。其中,价值共创实现有两条组态路径,即产品创新与要素融合相组合,技术融合同低产品创新、低数据资产相组合,且产品创新构成了价值共创的核心条件。商业群落生成的组态路径表现出以下特征：价值共创和价值链接协同下分别和网络组织、数据赋能相组合,网络组织和数据赋能互为替代,即在一方缺失时,分别与价值共创或价值链接组合实现商业群落构建。研究结论为企业商业生态系统的结构与功能持续优化,实现数字商业生态资源的充分共享及最优利用,提供了关键方法和思路。     

创新生态系统如何驱动企业微创新——一个组态视角的fsQCA分析

近年来,微创新是创新研究领域的热点,如何驱动企业微创新是相关研究亟需回答的问题。整合创新生态系统3个层面六大要素,运用模糊集定性比较分析（fsQCA）方法,以18个微创新案例为样本,探讨创新生态系统驱动企业微创新的复杂因果机制。结果发现：第一,单个创新生态系统要素并不构成企业高微创新的必要条件。第二,存在3条高微创新驱动路径,即机会识别主导下的用户驱动型、机会识别主导下的环境与用户参与驱动型,以及机会识别主导下的环境、组织学习与领先用户驱动型。此外,非高微创新驱动路径仅有一条,且与高微创新驱动路径存在非对称关系。第三,机会识别能力作为核心条件出现在高微创新的3个组态及非高微创新一个组态中,说明机会识别能力对企业微创新具有重要作用。     

数据要素价值化生态系统建构与市场化配置机制研究

数据要素作为推动经济高质量发展的新动能,如何应用整体观和系统观理论构建数据要素价值化生态系统,成为推进数据要素市场化配置、释放数据要素价值的关键议题。针对数据要素价值化面临的理论与实践挑战,引入创新生态系统理论,系统探究多元主体参与数据要素价值化过程的生态系统联动机制,深入剖析数据要素市场化配置动态过程机制,有助于深化数据要素价值化和市场化配置理论研究,为探索数据要素价值化过程中多元主体协同共创、优化数据要素市场化配置机制、加强数据要素监管与治理、打造数字驱动型区域创新生态系统、激活数字创新生态活力与成效、加快数字中国建设提供理论和决策启示。     

什么样的数字创新生态系统能提高区域创新绩效——基于NCA与QCA的研究

什么样的数字创新生态系统有助于提高区域创新绩效是亟待解决的热点问题。采用必要条件分析（NCA）和模糊集定性比较分析（fsQCA）两种方法,对我国内地31个省（区、市）进行实证分析。研究发现：①数字企业、政府、高校及科研机构、数字创新基础设施、数字人才和金融服务是数字创新生态系统的关键构成,但单个要素并不是提高区域创新绩效的必要条件;②4种数字创新生态系统要素组态有助于提高区域创新绩效,构成的数字创新生态系统分别是政府引导的智力聚集型、企业开拓的环境支撑型、主体多元的综合发展型和企业主导的资本驱动型;③各地应因地制宜,选择合适的数字创新生态系统,培育区域创新新动能,助推“数字中国”新发展。     

The future of farming: The value of ecosystem services in conventional and organic arable land. An experimental approach

In the current work, a novel, experimental ‘bottom-up’ approach is used to quantify the economic value of ecosystem services (ES) associated with highly modified arable landscapes in Canterbury, New Zealand. First, the role of land management practices in the maintenance and enhancement of ES in agricultural land was investigated by quantifying the economic value of ES at the field level under organic and conventional arable systems. This quantification was based on an experimental approach in contrast with earlier value transfer methods. Total economic value of ES in organic fields ranged from US $1610 to US $19,420 ha^− 1 yr^− 1 and that of conventional fields from US $1270 to US $14,570 ha^− 1 yr^− 1. The non-market value of ES in organic fields ranged from US $460 to US $5240 ha^− 1 yr^− 1. The range of non-market values of ES in conventional fields was US $50 — 1240 ha^− 1 yr^− 1. There were significant differences between organic and conventional fields for the economic values of some ES. Next, this economic information was used to extrapolate and to calculate the total and non-market value of ES in Canterbury arable land. The total annual economic and non-market values of ES for the conventional arable area in Canterbury (125,000 ha) were US $332 million and US $71 million, respectively. If half the arable area under conventional farming shifted to organic practices, the total economic value of ES would be US $192 million and US $166 million annually for organic and conventional arable area, respectively. In this case, the non-market value of ES for the organic area was US $65 million and that of conventional area was US $35 million annually. This study demonstrated that arable farming provides a range of ES which can be measured using field experiments based on ecological principles by incorporating a ‘bottom-up’ approach. The work also showed that conventional New Zealand arable farming practices can severely reduce the financial contribution of some of these services in agriculture whereas organic agricultural practices enhance their economic value.     

Taking stock: A comparative analysis of payments for environmental services programs in developed and developing countries

Payments for environmental services (PES) are an innovative approach to conservation that has been applied increasingly often in both developed and developing countries. To date, however, few efforts have been made to systematically compare PES experiences. Drawing on the wealth of case studies in this Special Issue, we synthesize the information presented, according to case characteristics with respect to design, costs, environmental effectiveness, and other outcomes. PES programs often differ substantially one from the other. Some of the differences reflect adaptation of the basic concept to very different ecological, socioeconomic, or institutional conditions; others reflect poor design, due either to mistakes or to the need to accommodate political pressures. We find significant differences between user-financed PES programs, in which funding comes from the users of the ES being provided, and government-financed programs, in which funding comes from a third party. The user-financed programs in our sample were better targeted, more closely tailored to local conditions and needs, had better monitoring and a greater willingness to enforce conditionality, and had far fewer confounding side objectives than government-financed programs. We finish by outlining some perspectives on how both user- and government-financed PES programs could be made more effective and cost-efficient.     

平台企业主导的创新生态系统稳定性研究：基于企业间网络关系视角

平台企业主导的创新生态系统作为一种特殊类型生态系统,是由平台主导企业提供基本创新架构并与其它相关企业及关联机构组成的网络组织,企业间网络关系是创新生态系统的本质特征。基于企业间网络关系分析平台企业主导的创新生态系统网络的成员、联系、结构及功能特征,讨论网络结构变量对平台企业主导的创新生态系统稳定性的影响,以山东省30个平台企业主导的创新生态系统为调研样本,通过问卷调查方式,对所提出的假设进行检验。数据相关分析和回归分析结果表明：强有力的创新生态系统主导企业、系统内伙伴企业密度、企业本地化以及企业异质性4个因素对创新生态系统稳定性具有显著正向影响;系统内伙伴企业互惠性和居间性与创新生态系统稳定性之间关系不显著。最后,基于研究结论,提出保持平台企业主导的创新生态系统网络稳定性的政策建议。     

创新生态系统视角下价值共创如何影响企业创新绩效——一个有调节的中介模型

以创新生态系统为视角,引入创新资源互动与生态系统规范机制为中介变量和调节变量,探究价值共创如何影响企业创新绩效。基于307家企业样本数据,运用结构方程模型、Bootstrap和层级回归方法对数据进行分析。研究发现：创新生态系统中,价值共创不完全直接影响企业创新绩效;创新资源互动部分中介价值共创对企业创新绩效的影响;生态系统规范机制部分正向调节价值共创对创新资源互动的影响。最后提出,创新生态系统调控方与企业要差异化地制定提升创新绩效的实施方案,营造活跃的创新资源互动氛围,形成并完善系统内生态规范机制。