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61.
The planning of emergency service facility location, especially for those expecting high demand and severe conditions, requires consideration of victims’ en-route travel, in-facility service quality, and reliability of these service facilities themselves. This paper first presents a scenario-based stochastic mixed-integer non-linear program (MINLP) model that integrates facility disruption risks, en-route traffic congestion and in-facility queuing delay into an integrated facility location problem. We derive lower and upper bounds to this highly complex problem by approximating the expected total system costs across the normal and all probabilistic facility disruption scenarios. This allows us to develop a more tractable approximate MINLP formulation and a Lagrangian Relaxation (LR) based solution approach. The relaxed sub-problem for location and service allocation decisions is further reformulated into a second-order conic program. Numerical experiments show that the approximate model and LR solution approach are capable of overcoming the computational difficulties associated with the problem. Interesting findings and managerial insights are obtained from a series of sensitivity analyses, e.g., regarding the importance of considering in-facility queuing in location design, and the significance of resource pooling on the optimal facility deployment. 相似文献
62.
We propose a two-stage location-routing model with recourse for integrated preparedness and response planning under uncertainty. The model is used for risk management in disaster situations where there are uncertainties in demand and the state of the infrastructure. We solve the two-stage model by converting it into a single-stage counterpart. The latter is then implemented in an illustrative example. Comparative analyses are run to investigate the (1) value of planning location and routing in a single model, (2) value of transshipment, (3) differences when an expected-value objective is used, and (4) value of transshipment in the expected-value model. 相似文献
63.
《International journal of injury control and safety promotion》2013,20(4):291-295
A province-wide qualitative study on emergency medical services (EMS) in Alberta was initiated to better understand the extent to which patient billing influences EMS performance. After completing lengthy interviews with 108 EMS-related subjects it was learned through qualitative research methods that billing patients for EMS treatment (ambulatory care) has subtle or determined influences on EMS providers' emergency actions. Furthermore the act of billing patients can and does have an impact on patient care. It often leads to patients and/or their representatives refusing treatment and transportation. Testimony indicates that the final result can be and is troublesome to, patient outcomes. The findings support the generalization that in Alberta the patient's responsibility to pay for needed EMS treatment can be a major obstacle for inclusive injury control. 相似文献
64.
《International journal of injury control and safety promotion》2013,20(2):69-75
This article describes the epidemiology of injuries collected in the Injury Surveillance System in Leon Hospital in Nicaragua. A total of 6659 persons were treated for injuries in 2004. It was discovered that 88% of all injuries were unintentional, 9% involved interpersonal violence, 2% were self-inflicted and 0.2% was undetermined. Men accounted for 64.7% of the cases, with the highest rate among 20 – 24 year olds (5625.8 per 100 000 inhabitants). Among women, the highest rate was in those aged 64 years and older (5324.2 per 100 000 inhabitants). The most common mechanisms were falls (33.9%), blunt force (26.8%), cut/pierce/stab (15.1%) and transportation-related (12.8%). These results indicate the need to identify prevention strategies for those injuries that were most commonly treated in emergency, such as unintentional falls among older women, self-inflicted poisoning among young women and blunt force and transportation-related injuries among young men. 相似文献
65.
66.
This article explores policy approaches to educating populations for potential critical infrastructure collapse in five different countries: the UK, the US, Germany, Japan and New Zealand. ‘Critical infrastructure’ is not always easy to define, and indeed is defined slightly differently across countries – it includes entities vital to life, such as utilities (water, energy), transportation systems and communications, and may also include social and cultural infrastructure. The article is a mapping exercise of different approaches to critical infrastructure protection and preparedness education by the five countries. The exercise facilitates a comparison of the countries and enables us to identify distinctive characteristics of each country’s approach. We argue that contrary to what most scholars of security have argued, these national approaches diverge greatly, suggesting that they are shaped more by internal politics and culture than by global approaches. 相似文献
67.
Nina Heidenstrøm 《Journal of Risk Research》2020,23(3):379-397
AbstractDespite increasing attention to individuals’ everyday lives in the literature on risk, few studies investigate household preparedness within the everyday life context. Preparedness is most often regarded as a predefined set of capacities for dealing with emergencies. This article presents methodological approaches for studying what I suggest calling informal preparedness activities that are performed as part of daily life in households. Starting with the assumption that everyday life is enacted through culturally and socially shared practices, it is argued that preparedness is interwoven into these practices. Contrary to studying preparedness as the degree to which households are aware of and act according to a formal definition of preparedness, informal household preparedness focuses on preparedness as embedded in the routinised practices that make up everyday life. The study of informal household preparedness is based on three methodological approaches that explore these practices: (i) Performance of everyday practices, where interviews that focus on performance ask questions about what practitioners actually do; (ii) materiality, where walk-alongs are used to connect performance interviews to the material surroundings; and (iii) visualisation, where the material aspects of informal preparedness are documented. These approaches were carried out in a study of Norwegian households’ management of and preparedness for electricity and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) infrastructure breakdowns. Addressing informal and formal preparedness activities expands our understanding of household preparedness and should help policy makers recognise the active role of households and their actual resources and constraints in future preparedness planning. 相似文献
68.
In order to continue to move forward, the field of family resource management needs rich research programmes based on holistic, synergetic approaches. To this end, this paper presents a multi‐perspective research framework for designing family resource management research programmes using insights from five existing perspectives to understand families: life cycle stages, life spiral across generations, unplanned life transitions, the historical context of the course of one's life, and the different levels of influence on daily life ranging from the cosmos to the unknown (spheres of influence perspective). A modernization of the life cycle perspective is proposed as well to accommodate the gap between the full nest and the empty nest. We then use this new research framework to shape the development of a programme targeting retirement preparedness of mid‐life working couples with dependents (children and aged or infirm adults). We anticipate that deeper, more holistic insights into family resource management strategies can be gained from using this new research framework. 相似文献
69.
《Food Policy》2020
COVID-19 brings new challenges worldwide, including to smallholder farmers and their seed systems. In response, an escalating number of seed projects are being planned to deliver immediate aid or to alter current seed production programs. A Statement, prepared by diverse seed system experts, aims to steer both the immediate aid (next 1–2 seasons) and more developmental planning (next 1–3 years). The Statement includes 10 short-term and 4 medium-term recommendations, placing emphasis on all seed systems smallholders use: formal, informal, and integrated. It also looks beyond seed per se to the direct information and digital systems that shape remote assessments, data sharing and inclusive feedback. The Statement is prefaced by an introduction that helps contextualize the recommendations, reviews the history of humanitarian seed aid and summarizes the varied response forms that have unfolded over the last three decades. 相似文献
70.
列车运行调整属于大规模的组合优化问题,其约束条件多,求解复杂,而突发事件下运行调整难度进一步加大。基于高速铁路采用的准移动闭塞制式,综合考虑列车区间运行时间、发车时间、停站时间、车站到发线数量以及追踪间隔时间等约束,以所有列车的总延误时间最小为目标,建立突发事件下的列车运行调整优化模型,利用具有动态变化惯性权重的粒子群算法求解模型。分析表明:突发事件下的列车运行调整优化模型及算法可以满足突发事件下高速铁路列车运行调整的时效性要求;动态变化惯性权重的粒子群算法具备较快的收敛速度与较强的局部挖掘能力。 相似文献