学习、创新与核心能力:机制和路径

学习和创新是影响核心能力的重要因素,而核心能力又是组织获取竞争优势提升绩效的基础,但国内外学术界尚未对学习、创新、核心能力与绩效之间的相互影响路径和作用机制进行实证研究。本文基于战略的资源基础观,整合学习理论、创新理论与核心能力理论,首先构建了一个新的理论模型,再以华南地区202家企业为样本运用结构方程模型进行检验和修正。其学术贡献在于明确了学习并不是企业绩效提升的直接影响因素,学习也不能直接带来企业的核心能力,学习导向必须通过创新才能提高核心能力,并进而提升绩效;创新并非直接提升组织绩效,而是有一个培育核心能力的中间过程;在中国的管理环境下,不同产业的企业其创新对核心能力有不同的影响,即创新并不必然转化为核心能力。实践意义在于为企业正确理解和运用学习、创新来构建核心能力及提升组织绩效提供借鉴。     

The information in the term structure of German interest rates

This paper tests the Expectations Hypothesis (EH) of the term structure of interest rates using new data for Germany. The German term structure appears to forecast future short-term interest rates surprisingly well, compared with previous studies with US data, while it has lower predictive power for long-term interest rates. However, the direction suggested by the coefficient estimates is consistent with that implied by the EH, that is when the term spread widens, long rates increase. The use of instrumental variables to deal with possible measurement errors in the data significantly improves regressions for the long rates. Moreover, re-estimation with proxy variables to account for the possibility of time-varying term premia confirms that the evolution of both short and long rates corresponds to the predictions of the EH and that most of the information is in the term spread. These results are important as they suggest that monetary policy in Germany could be guided by the slope of the term structure.     

Will we have the same employees in hospitality after all? The impact of COVID-19 on employees’ work attitudes and turnover intentions

A crisis caused by COVID-19 pandemic affected the whole world leaving long-lasting effects on almost every aspect of human lives. The aim of this study was to test how different effects of COVID-19, expressed through job insecurity, employees' health complaints occurred during isolation, risk-taking behavior at workplace and changes in the organization, may impact work-related attitudes (job motivation and job satisfaction) and turnover intentions of the employees in hospitality industry. Based on the data collected from 624 hospitality workers from Serbia, the results indicated that job insecurity and changes in the organization were predictors of all outcomes, in a negative direction, while risk-taking behavior acted as a predictor of job satisfaction only, also in a negative direction. The significance of demographic characteristics, as control variables, showed that age and marital status had significant impact on job motivation and turnover intentions. The theoretical and practical implications were discussed.     

A multilevel investigation of the link between ethical leadership behaviour and employees green behaviour in the hospitality industry

The present study develops a multilevel model that examines the effects of supervisory ethical leadership behavior at the team level on employees green behaviour mediated by CSR at the organisational level, employees well-being, and taking responsivity at the individual level. Data were collected from a sample of 936 supervisors and 2284 employees from 184 hotels in United Arab Emirates. Utilizing multisource data and multilevel path analysis, the results indicated that supervisory ethical leadership behavior has indirect effect on green behavior through CSR, employees-wellbeing and taking responsibility behavior. These findings provide important implications for ethical leadership-green behavior link by developing and validating a multilevel model empirically in the hospitality industry.     

Obesity-related costs and the economic impact of laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding procedures: benefits in the Texas Employees Retirement System

Objective: To assess the return on investment (ROI) and economic impact of providing insurance coverage for the laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB) procedure in classes II and III obese members of the Texas Employees Retirement System (ERS) and their dependents from payer, employer, and societal perspectives.

Methods: Classes II and III obese employee members and their adult dependents were identified in a Texas ERS database using self-reported health risk assessment (HRA) data. Direct health costs and related absenteeism and mortality losses were estimated using data from previous research. A dynamic input–output model was then used to calculate overall economic effects by incorporating direct, indirect, and induced impacts. Direct health costs were inflation-adjusted to 2008 US dollars using the Consumer Price Index for Medical Care and other spending categories were similarly adjusted using relevant consumer and industrial indices. The future cost savings and other monetary benefits were discounted to present value using a real rate of 4.00%.

Results: From the payer perspective (ERS), the payback period for direct health costs associated with the LAGB procedure was 23–24 months and the annual return (over 5 years) was 28.8%. From the employer perspective (State of Texas), the costs associated with the LAGB procedure were recouped within 17–19 months (in terms of direct, indirect, and induced gains as they translated into State revenue) and the annual return (over 5 years) was 45.5%. From a societal perspective, the impact on total business activity for Texas (over 5 years) included gains of $195.3 million in total expenditures, $93.8 million in gross product, and 1354 person-years of employment.

Limitations: The analysis was limited by the following: reliance on other studies for methodology and use of a control sample; restriction of cost savings to 2.5 years which required out-of-sample forecasting; conservative assumptions related to the cost of the procedure; exclusion of presenteeism; and no sensitivity analyses performed.

Conclusion: This analysis indicates that providing benefits for the LAGB procedure to eligible members of the Texas ERS and their dependents is worthy of support from payer, employer, and societal perspectives.     

"后危机时期"中国经济发展的战略取向

本文立足于全球化经济、发展中经济和大国经济三个视角,理性地对中国长达30年的经济发展历程进行了浓缩式解读。通过归纳,我们寻找到了根植于中国经济体系中最为本质的三对关系。立足于对三对关系的剖析,发现了危机后中国经济体系的基本矛盾,对它的发现也宣告了中国旧有的增长模式确实走到了历史尽头。在此基础上,思索出解决后危机时期中国经济的基本矛盾究竟需要哪些条件及其实现手段,最终得出了后危机时期发展中国经济的基本战略取向。     

市场导向驱动企业绿色技术创新模型构建与路径分析

基于对企业绿色技术创新环境和驱动力转换介质的分析,构建企业绿色技术创新基本要素模型,并给出要素的内涵特征及所遵循的准则,阐述了市场导向对企业绿色技术创新的影响路径。结果显示,企业绿色技术创新发生于系统环境中,并以系统收益最大化为目标,市场化机制是其驱动力转换的重要介质。基础知识突破、企业社会资本积累、产品市场需求、企业创新网络、消费主体意识、市场准入时机及政府政策是企业绿色技术创新要素模型的重要构成。构建和优化企业绿色技术创新基本要素模型必须遵守适合性准则、动态性、干预性及系统性准则,而释放绿色技术创新要素供需信号,促进创新所需要素协同,降低企业绿色技术创新交易成本,提高创新要素配置效率是市场导向影响企业绿色技术创新的主要路径。     

企业伦理、绿色创业导向与竞争优势关系研究

随着企业伦理道德缺失、环境污染等问题的不断涌现,人们对企业伦理、绿色创业等主题日益重视。通过对企业伦理、绿色创业导向和新创科技型企业竞争优势间的影响关系进行实证研究,得出以下结论：企业伦理对绿色创业导向和新创科技型企业竞争优势均产生正向影响,绿色创业导向对新创科技型企业竞争优势产生正向影响,绿色创业导向在企业伦理对新创科技型企业竞争优势的影响中发挥中介作用。基于新创科技型企业的成长特点,刻画了企业伦理-战略-竞争优势间的内在联系,并针对性地提出了对策建议。     

绿色创业导向对可持续竞争优势的影响——绿色组织认同与绿色创新的链式中介作用

在环境污染日益严重的背景下，企业通过实施绿色创业导向以建立可持续竞争优势是当前亟需解决的问题。基于自然资源基础观，提出“绿色创业导向-绿色组织认同-绿色创新-可持续竞争优势”的研究框架，以203家制造业企业为研究对象，通过问卷调查方式进行实证研究。结果表明：①绿色创业导向作为一种兼顾环保和经济的战略决策模式，对构建可持续竞争优势有积极影响；②绿色组织认同与绿色创新是企业实施绿色创业导向、建立可持续竞争优势的关键路径，在绿色创业导向与可持续竞争优势关系中起中介作用；③绿色组织认同、绿色创新在绿色创业导向与可持续竞争优势关系中具有链式中介作用。     

朋友角色导向对产品创新绩效的影响

将企业作为社会人的影响纳入研究范围,可对其竞争优势的获取给出更全面的解释。基于动态能力视角与组织角色视角,对企业的朋友角色导向如何影响产品创新绩效进行探讨,分析朋友角色导向对产品创新绩效的促进作用,以及环境动态性对该促进作用的进一步调节作用,提出研究假设。收集上海市256家制造商的数据,利用分层回归对假设进行检验。研究结果表明：朋友角色导向不仅会直接促进产品创新绩效(即直接作用)的提升,还会增强战略柔性对创新绩效的正向影响（即调节作用）;环境动态性对朋友角色导向的调节作用会产生进一步线性调节作用,而对其直接作用却有非线性倒U型调节作用。此外,朋友角色导向对创新绩效的直接影响大于战略柔性这一具体动态能力的作用。研究展示了企业社会人属性对其创新绩效的影响,明晰了环境动态性对朋友角色导向影响的两种不同类型的调节作用,将朋友角色导向融入动态能力对企业竞争优势获取的解释体系之中,同时为企业创新活动的开展提供了一些新启示。