Economics: Its History,Themes, Approaches

This article is not concerned with “A Theory of Value” or “The Theory of Value.” It is strictly limited to a discussion of the concepts specified in its title and consists of three parts. The first of these is concerned with ideas of Charles Sanders Peirce and is based upon a study of his published and unpublished papers contained in the eight-volume edition of his Collected Works.¹ The second part is concerned with ideas of Clarence Ayres, primarily those presented in his Toward A Reasonable Society [Ayres 1961]. The third part contains some brief concluding remarks.     

论人的自由而全面的发展——社会主义民生和人民民主视角

随着改革开放和社会主义市场经济建设进入攻坚期,我国社会主义现代化建设进入战略机遇期,改善社会主义民生和扩大人民民主成为党和国家近年来进行中国特色社会主义事业建设中着力关注的问题。解决这两个问题,就必须认识到两者是一个整体,着力改善民生可以为扩大人民民主提供经济基础和社会基础;努力扩大人民民主可以为改善民生提供积极因素和政治保障;民生和人民民主的最高命题是＂人的自由而全面的发展＂。     

Opening up the black box: a UK case study of top managers’ attitudes to their performance related pay

This paper examines the attitudes of the top managers within one large financial services organization in the UK to fixed and variable components of their compensation package. The rationale for performance-related pay for senior managers is to align their interests with those of the shareholders, but little is known about the views of top managers on the effectiveness of such incentives. The results suggest that the design of effective bonus systems is not just a technical issue: perceptions of market fairness with respect to the compensation package and the clear communication of goals are important in getting senior managers to focus on shareholder interests.     

建构主义理论指导下的高校英语多媒体教学策略分析

在当前信息技术的高速发展趋势下,网络多媒体技术的应用逐渐在高校普及,极大地提高了高校教育教学的质量和效果。本文从建构主义的理论概述出发,重点分析了高校英语多媒体教学与建构理论结合下的教学实施策略。     

Married couples’ involvement with family vacations

Abstract

The involvement construct has received a great deal of attention in recent years. However, the majority of research on this topic has focused on the individual and has ignored spouses’ shared leisure involvement. In addition, little work has been done on involvement in the product‐class context of family vacations. This study examined the underlying dimensions of married couples’ involvement with family vacations and how these dimensions relate to selected personal variables. Factor analysis revealed two underlying dimensions. Stepwise multiple regression revealed that pleasure‐importance was positively related to gender role ideology and education and negatively related to presence of children in the home. A positive relation existed between the second dimension, sign value, and age. The study provides insight into both the nature of the involvement construct and how it might be used in future research.     

ARE ALL ECONOMIC FACTS GREATLY EXAGGERATED? THEORY COMPETITION AND SELECTIVITY

Abstract ..There is growing concern and mounting evidence of selectivity in empirical economics. Most empirical economic literatures have a truncated distribution of results. The aim of this paper is to explore the link between publication selectivity and theory contests. This link is confirmed through the analysis of 87 distinct empirical economics literatures, involving more than three and a half thousand separate empirical studies, using objective measures of both selectivity and contests. Our meta–meta‐analysis shows that publication selection is widespread, but not universal. It distorts scientific inference with potentially adverse effects on policy making, but competition and debate between rival theories reduces this selectivity and thereby improves economic inference.     

对教师职业角色转换的思考--基于社会建构主义学习理论

社会建构主义理论认为教师应是学习的促进者，是学习情境的设计者，是教学活动的组织者，同时，也是评价引导者和主动反思者。而成功实现教师角色的转变，还需要以学生为主体的教材，与教学理念相符合的教学环境，与其他教师沟通合作及以学习者为中心的职业培训。     

现代社会发展内容和现实价值

社会发展理论是马克思主义社会发展理论与中国社会发展实际相结合的产物,它从社会发展的运行层面上系统回答了经济文化落后的国家如何实现现代化的问题是具有中国特色东方社会理论。在新的历史时期提出了社会发展理论,是面对世纪之交的国内外形势,对于今天构建社会主义和谐社会是具有借鉴意义和现实价值的。     

电能质量分析仪示值误差的测量不确定度评定

电能质量分析仪是采用虚拟仪器技术和软测量技术的设计思想而研制的，既可以作为发电企业对厂内电能质量检测的重要设备，也可作为供电部门对配电网用户进行电能质量检测的重要设备，以监测配电网用户对电网电能造成的污染情况。因此，它的应用领域十分广阔。文章时电能质量分析仪的测量结果的不确定度分析过程进行了介绍。     

Reciprocity in Ranked Relationships: Does Social Structure Influence Social Reasoning?

Many economic and evolutionary theories have modeled cooperation as the evolutionary outcome of decisions made by autonomous, self-interested agents operating in a social vacuum. In this paper we consider the implications for cooperative interactions when prior social structures and corresponding social norms exist. In particular we investigate the influence of social rank/status on perceptions of fairness and tolerance of cheating. We review evidence from a series of experiments employing the Wason selection task (a test of conditional reasoning) and the ledger task (a decision making task) suggesting that people cued to adopt a perspective of high social rank are more tolerant of cheating and simultaneously believe that they have been more fairly treated (even when cheated) than people cued to adopt a perspective of low social rank. However, the evidence also suggests interesting cross-cultural differences in perceptions of fairness and tolerance of cheating in ranked relationships. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.