Equilibrium uniqueness with perfect complements

The present note analyzes the simultaneous ascending-bid auction with arbitrarily many asymmetric bidders with decreasing marginal valuations under complete information. We show that the game is solvable by iterated elimination of weakly dominated strategies if the efficient allocation assigns at least one unit to every player and if bid increments are sufficiently small. In that unique equilibrium, bidders immediately reduce their demand to the efficient allocation, and the auction ends in the first round of bidding.We would like to thank seminar participants at UC Davis, in particular Klaus Nehring and Louis Makowski for comments. Financial support by the Alexander–von–Humboldt Foundation through a Feodor–Lynen grant and by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, SFB Transregio 15, “Governance and Efficiency of Economic Systems” is gratefully acknowledged.     

The Effects of Issue Salience on Political Decision-making

Game-theoretic models of political decision-making regard policy outcomes as a combined result of actor preferences and institutions. This paper explores the effects of adding relative issue salience to the analysis. I focus on non-cooperative models of complete and perfect information that are based on the concept of structure-induced equilibrium (Shepsle in Am J Polit Sci 23(1):27–59, 1979). Assuming a progressive agenda-setter and two conservative voters, I show how a change of the relative issue salience for players in a game results in a different equilibrium outcome in a political decision-making body.     

Negative externalities and Sen’s liberalism theorem

Summary. Sen’s seminal, negative theorem about minimal liberalism has had a profound effect on economics, philosophy, and the social sciences. To address concerns raised by his result, we show how Sen’s assumptions must be modified to obtain positive conclusions; e.g., one resolution allows an agent to be decisive only if his choice does not impose “strong negative externalities” on others. We also uncover a significantly different interpretation of Sen’s societal cycles: rather than describing the rights of individuals to choose, the cycles identify when these choices impose difficulties on others. Other ways to address Sen’s difficulties come from game theory.Received: 14 October 2004, Revised: 7 March 2005, JEL Classification Numbers: D71, C70, D62.Donald G. Saari: Correspondenc toThe research of D. Saari was supported by NSF grant DMI-0233798. Our thanks to P. Hammond for suggesting some useful references. Some of our joint results were reported in Brunel (now Petron) (1998).     

Dissertation abstract: The effect of involvement, time, and vividness on consumers’ value judgments: A test of prospect theory

The literature in psychology and behavioral economics offers abundant instances of anomalies to the rational choice paradigm. One of the most prominent works attempting to reconcile these is Kahneman and Tversky’s Prospect Theory. Its well-known S-shaped value function accounts for some of the anomalies such as reference dependence, loss aversion, and diminishing sensitivity. Although Prospect Theory describes the manner in which individuals are loss averse, it does not explain why people show loss aversion. This dissertation investigates the factors that affect the cognitive processes behind loss aversion. We find an anomaly in the S-shaped value function. Specifically, the studies demonstrate that the degree of involvement affects the slope of the value curve both for atemporal and intertemporal choices. In addition, we also test the relationship between loss aversion and involvement with varying vividness of outcomes (i.e., when outcomes are related to more versus less vivid stimuli). Testing the vividness effects further extends and confirms our proposed relationship between involvement and loss aversion. The data from several experiments show that there is a difference in the slopes of the value function for low and high involvement decisions. For low involvement conditions, the value curve has roughly the same steepness for losses as for gains close to the neutral reference point (i.e., contrary to the diminishing sensitivity characteristic). By contrast, in the high involvement conditions this is not the case: there is a distinct difference in the slopes of the loss and gain curves. This leads us to propose that different value functions exist for people in the low and high involvement conditions. This important finding suggests that in cases where people are not highly involved with a product, they display significantly less loss aversion than predicted by Prospect Theory. Three experiments investigate the relationship of loss aversion to subjects’ level of involvement in atemporal choice, intertemporal choice, and differential vividness of stimuli situations, respectively. The first study uses a 2 (involvement: low and high) by 2 (outcome: gain and loss) between subjects design. The results show that loss aversion significantly attenuates in the low involvement condition for atemporal choice. Study two replicates the results of study one in the context of intertemporal choice, where timing of outcomes (now versus three months) is introduced as another factor. Finally, the third study manipulates the vividness of outcomes and finds an interaction effect of vividness and involvement on loss aversion. Dissertation Committee: Norman Frohlich (Co- Chair), I.H. Asper School of Business, University of Manitoba Edward Bruning (Co- Chair), I.H. Asper School of Business, University of Manitoba Namita Bhatnagar, I.H. Asper School of Business, University of Manitoba Wayne Simpson, Department of Economics, University of Manitoba Michael Hu, Department of Marketing, Kent State University     

共生论视角下辅导员与大学生文化冲突化解途径

辅导员与大学生之间的关系应该是和谐共生的,即辅导员与大学生双方共生主体与资源、规范之间的协调。辅导员与大学生之间的冲突,很大程度上归于文化冲突,即传统文化与多元文化、统一规范与评价偏差、家长式管理与自我管理之间的冲突。文化冲突造成了大学生双方共生主体与资源、规范之间的失调,因此应着手协调共生主体、资源与规范来化解该冲突,优化双方之间的关系。     

马克思交往理论的思想溯源

马克思交往理论作为历史唯物主义的重要组成部分,它一方面是马克思本人根据历史事实进行长期理论思考的结果,另一方面也汲取了前代哲人相关思想中的积极合理因素.古典政治经济学分工与交换理论启发了马克思应该从总体上关注交往主体个人的切身利益.撇开法国18世纪功利主义交往观的狭隘方面,马克思从中获取了唯物主义的思想底蕴.德国理性主义主体性交往思想的思维方式和提出的实践、劳动等概念对马克思创建交往理论具有直接的借鉴意义.     

企业主流与新流创新柔性机制——一项基于扎根理论的多案例探索性研究

在高动荡环境中,主流和新流创新柔性能力培育及应用成为企业界与理论界关注的重要议题。从创新流视角,以6家典型高新技术企业为研究对象,采用扎根理论对案例进行剖析,构建主流与新流创新柔性机制。研究结果显示：在动态的变革环境下,外部情境压力和内部变革压力驱动企业主流创新柔性与新流创新柔性产生及互动,形成企业主流创新柔性、新流创新柔性、主流创新与新流创新柔性交互的互补协同效应,共同促成企业适应变革。在柔性机制运行过程中,内部变革压力和外部变革情境是主要驱动力量,主流创新与新流创新的柔性交互起部分中介作用。该研究结果进一步深化和拓展了创新柔性理论以及主流与新流创新理论,也为复杂不确定环境中的中国企业转型提供了借鉴和启示。     

企业开放式创新社区创意采纳影响因素研究——价值共创视角

从价值共创视角出发,基于信号传递理论,整合消费者使用企业产品创造价值、消费者与消费者互动创造价值、企业与消费者互动创造价值3个层面,探讨开放式创新社区中创意采纳影响因素。通过对小米MIUI社区创意的文本挖掘与实证分析发现,消费者使用企业产品创造价值层面,创意信息熵和情感强度正向影响创意采纳,创意长度负向影响创意采纳;消费者互动创造价值层面,支持量正向影响创意采纳,浏览量和评论量负向影响创意采纳;企业与消费者互动创造价值层面,企业回复信息熵和回复情感强度与创意采纳呈正相关,企业回复长度与创意采纳呈负相关。由此,建议企业规范消费者创意提出形式,注重需求一致性与异质性带来的市场需求信号,通过有效回复策略提升消费者创意质量,从而形成促进价值共创的良性循环。     

中国高校科技成果转化路径选择——中国内地28省市模糊集定性比较分析

我国高校科技成果转化存在明显“悖论”,高校科技成果产出丰富但转化率低。基于《高等学校科技统计资料汇编》和《中国统计年鉴》中中国内地28省市数据,基于界面理论,运用fsQCA方法探讨多重并发因素和复杂因果机制下高校科技成果转化的现实路径。研究表明：R&D全时人员和R&D项目是高校科技成果转化的必要条件;企事业单位委托经费、科技中介服务费、R&D全时人员和R&D项目是高校科技成果转化的核心条件;存在4条不同路径可以支撑高校较好地完成科技成果转化工作。其中,网络资源中的“合作研究网络”与技术支撑中的“高校软设施”两个前提变量存在相互替代关系。最后,对不同区域高校在现有条件下提高科技成果转化能力提出相关对策建议。     

异质性资源对企业生态创新的影响——以资源管理为中介

为获取长期竞争优势,企业应充分利用各种资源进行生态创新。基于资源基础理论(RBT),以资源管理为中介,探讨异质性资源对企业生态创新的影响机理。以406家制造企业为样本,采用偏最小二乘结构方程模型(PLS-SEM)和模糊集定性比较分析方法（fsQCA）进行实证检验。结果发现,内部资源和外部资源均对企业生态创新具有正向影响,资源管理在异质性资源影响生态创新的过程中起部分中介作用。在生态创新二阶模型中,生态管理创新的作用明显优于生态产品创新和生态工艺创新。通过fsQCA进一步发现导致低生态创新的两种前因构型,拓展了资源基础理论在企业生态创新领域的运用,可为我国企业实施和评价生态创新行为提供参考。