中国加入世贸组织后外贸管理体系变化研究

中国自改革开放至加入WTO,外贸法规、政策发生了很大变化,与过去相比,正向更加标准、更加透明方向迈进,逐渐接近国际标准.但目前中国外贸法体系及与之相关的实施细则有待于修正和完善,进一步适应WTO规范.     

Foods produced using biotechnology: how does the law protect consumers?

This paper addresses the following subjects: biotechnology and consumers, concern about risks, consumer acceptance, labelling of foods produced using biotechnology, the legal approach to consumer protection, and consumer protection policies relating to biotechnology products in the European Union, the United States, Turkey and global institutions such as the Convention for Biological Diversity (CBD) and the World Trade Organisation (WTO). It is likely that biotechnology will gain ground much more rapidly in the twenty‐first century than in the past. Despite rapid, detailed and precise advances in gene technology, its applications have not been the received with a great deal of consumer enthusiasm. Consumers have approached genetically modified foods with considerable apprehension and opposition. Consumer concerns about bioengineered food products focus on the questions of human health, environmental and social risks and benefits. The most important stages in the process of marketing new foods produced using biotechnology are to demonstrate user need and consumer acceptance. Generally, the technical complexity of biotechnology makes it difficult for consumers to understand details of the product and the specific attributes of biotechnology applications. Scientific uncertainty, the nature of consumer concerns and general reluctance to accept biotechnology products, increase the importance of consumer protection. Legal protection is a very important factor in the solution of new social problems related to technological advances. More specifically, consumer and environmental law support consumer protection related to foods produced with biotechnology. The basic principles of consumer law can be re‐formulated as consumer rights. Environmental law is a new phenomenon, but precautionary principles and public participation in decision‐making for environmental law are relevant to consumer protection relating to bioengineered food products.     

超市进货交易关系法律调整的若干问题探讨——论“零供”关系法律调整

近年来，我国零售商供应商矛盾突出，引起了各方关注。商务部等五部委发布的《零售商供应商公平交易管理办法》，是近年来专门调整零供关系的政府部门规章，在稳定流通秩序方面发挥了一定的作用，但对此也有一些不同观点。为完善零供（买卖）关系的法律规范体系，推进和谐商业环境及商事法治建设，本文对调整零供关系的法律属性，少数零售企业恶意占压、骗取供应商贷款的综合治理，风险预誓机制等相关问题提出了自己的一些见解。     

刍议虚拟财产的法律保护

随着网络,尤其是网络游戏的迅猛发展,虚拟财产的交易及其保护引发了是否要对其加以保护,如何进行保护,如何进行规范等一系列问题,在我国的司法实践中已经不得不开始面对这类纠纷的裁判,而在法律上有关虚拟财产的规则尚处于不确定的空白,给这类纠纷的解决带来了很大的障碍,基于此,进行虚拟财产特性、交易等等相关法律问题的研究,并在探讨其合法性的前提下,进一步论证虚拟财产的法律保护规则的建构具有十分重要的理论意义与现实意义。     

公允价值的引入对投资性房地产核算的税务影响

新会计准则对企业的税务影响主要是相对影响,着重表现在对企业所得税费用的影响,但也有绝对影响,即对应纳所得税额的影响。本文结合实例分析新会计准则在投资性房地产等业务处理上适度引入"公允价值"作为会计核算计量模式后的税务影响。     

当代艺术审美理想的迷失与重建

中国当代艺术审美理想的迷失从根子上说是有些中国作家和艺术家社会背叛的结果,从美学上说,不但是席勒当年所批判的恶劣倾向的沉渣泛起,而且消解了人对自己的尊严的捍卫和对自由的追求。中国当代艺术审美理想的重建就是要求中国作家和艺术家精神寻根,按照美的规律创造。     

试论刑罚的目的

刑罚的目的是国家建立刑罚制度的出发点和最终归宿,是刑法理论中的一个重要问题。因此,研究刑罚的目的并且科学地揭示刑罚目的的内涵,对于建立健全国家的刑罚制度,具有重要的现实意义。     

Impacts of Declining U.S. Retail Beef Demand on Farm-Level Beef Prices and Production

A systems model was estimated to determine the effects of declining U.S. retail beef demand on farm-level beef prices and production. Retail beef demand declined by nearly 66% from 1976 to 1999. Results indicate autonomous shifts in retail demand significantly impacted farm-level demands and production. Based on equilibrium multipliers, the 1976–99 reduction in beef demand decreased real slaughter cattle prices and production by 32.1% and 11.2%, respectively. Real feeder cattle prices and production decreased by 8.0% and 22.6%, respectively. Combining the decreases in farm prices and production, slaughter and feeder cattle producers experienced a real revenue reduction of $13.3 billion (61%) due to the long-term decline in demand.     

Economic analysis of the impact of adopting herd health control programs on smallholder dairy farms in Central Thailand

The economic impact of adopting herd health programs for mastitis and reproduction by small-scale dairy producers of Central Thailand was assessed using a policy analysis matrix (PAM). Following a reduction in the incidence of bovine disease on adopter farms, an increase in private net profits is observed. More importantly the social costs of supporting dairy farmers is reduced; the PAM effective protection coefficient was reduced by 35% for mastitis program adopters and by 44% for reproductive program adopters, indicating improved social efficiency of dairy policy. Other indicators of efficiency and policy implications are discussed.     

电子商务中的法律问题探析

本文分析了电子商务活动对传统商务法律的影响和电子商务中存在的法律问题,并提出相应的解决措施。