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41.
财务困境成本包括直接成本和间接成本,对财务困境成本尤其是间接成本的计量是个难题。本文在回顾了国内外对财务困境成本的估计、财务困境成本的影响因素及财务困境成本和相关决策的关系等方面的文献,分析了国内在财务困境成本研究领域的现状和问题,以其为该领域的研究提供参考。  相似文献   
42.
试论会计风险及其防范   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
本文分析了会计风险形成的原因及造成的危害,认为应当从会计风险形成的条件和会计风险产生的直接原因两个方面分析会计风险的成因;会计信息的制造者与使用者均是会计风险危害的承担对象;会计风险只有具备一定的条件时,才能变成实在的危害;防范会计风险需要从完善会计理论体系与法规体系、完善公司治理结构等方面进行努力。  相似文献   
43.
Abstract

Objective:

To estimate the economic burden of multiple sclerosis (MS) in Turkey, including the relapses and disease severity, and to evaluate the quality-of-life of MS patients.

Methods:

The Treatment Experience, Burden and Unmet Needs (TRIBUNE) study was a multi-national, cross-sectional, retrospective, burden-of-illness survey. Total costs were calculated using unit costs derived from price lists or published literature, where relevant, and inflated to 2011 TL prices.

Results:

A total of 295 MS patients (74% females) were included in the analysis. The population had a mean age of 36 years; 73% had the relapsing–remitting form. Mean Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score was 2.2. Twenty-two per cent of the MS patients required hospitalization in the past year and spent an average of 29.2 days/year in hospital. These values were 43% and 5.6 days for the outpatients, respectively. Total cost per patient/year was 18,700 TL (Turkish Lira). Total costs for patients with mild, moderate, and severe disability were 15,418 TL, 26,002 TL, and 44,208 TL per patient/year, respectively. The mean EuroQol 5D scores in the same groups were 0.73, 0.52, and 0.05, respectively.

Conclusions:

Multiple sclerosis imposes a significant economic burden on patients and society in Turkey.  相似文献   
44.
征信评级机构掌握间接融资和直接融资的定价权,可引导金融资本合理配置,是维护国家金融主权的重要力量。本文在分析我国征信评级制度发展的背景、存在的主要问题及原因的基础上,提出完善法规、理顺管理体制;改变信用评级收费模式;完善企业信用信息数据库;对央行征信中心实施体制机制创新;把改制后的央行征信中心发展成为我国民族品牌的征信评级机构,使其与我国国力和金融发展相适应等政策建议。  相似文献   
45.
我国现在社会融资90%以上的比例集中于银行,单一的融资形式是造成金融效率低下、增大银行业风险的重要原因,必须大力规范、发展直接金融.资本市场应股权融资、债权融资共同发展,规范、发展证券供应者与需求者,完善立法和加强监管.应该建立一个以工商企业短期直接融资为主体的货币市场.  相似文献   
46.
Aims: Smoking is associated with significant health and economic burden globally, including an increased risk of many leading causes of mortality and significant impairments in work productivity. This burden is attenuated by successful tobacco cessation, including reduced risk of disease and improved productivity. The current study aimed to show the benefits of smoking cessation for workplace productivity and decreased costs associated with loss of work impairment.

Materials and methods: The data source was the 2011 Japan National Health and Wellness Survey (n?=?30,000). Respondents aged 20–64 were used in the analyses (n?=?23,738) and were categorized into: current smokers, former smokers, and never smokers. Generalized linear models controlling for demographics and health characteristics examined the relationship of smoking status with the Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaire (WPAI-GH) endpoints, as well as estimated indirect costs.

Results: Current smokers reported the greatest overall work impairment, including absenteeism (i.e. work time missed) and presenteeism (i.e. impairment while at work); however, after controlling for covariates, there were no significant differences between former smokers and never smokers on overall work impairment. Current smokers and former smokers had greater activity impairment (i.e. impairment in daily activities) than never smokers. Current smokers reported the highest indirect costs (i.e. costs associated with work impairment); however, after controlling for covariates, there were no significant differences between former smokers and never smokers on indirect costs.

Limitations and conclusions: Smoking exerts a large health and economic burden; however, smoking cessation attenuates this burden. The current study provides important further evidence of this association, with former smokers appearing statistically indistinguishable from never smokers in terms of work productivity loss and associated indirect costs among a large representative sample of Japanese workers. This report highlights the workplace benefits of smoking cessation across productivity markers and cost-savings.  相似文献   
47.
The assessment of models of financial market behaviour requires evaluation tools. When complexity hinders a direct estimation approach, e.g., for agent based microsimulation models, simulation based estimators might provide an alternative. In order to apply such techniques, an objective function is required, which should be based on robust statistics of the time series under consideration. Based on the identification of robust statistics of foreign exchange rate time series in previous research, an objective function is derived. This function takes into account stylized facts about the unconditional distribution of exchange rate returns and properties of the conditional distribution, in particular, autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity and long memory. A bootstrap procedure is used to obtain an estimate of the variance-covariance matrix of the different moments included in the objective function, which is used as a base for the weighting matrix. Finally, the properties of the objective function are analyzed for two different agent based models of the foreign exchange market, a simple GARCH-model and a stochastic volatility model using the DM/US-$ exchange rate as a benchmark. It is also discussed how the results might be used for inference purposes. Research has been supported by the DFG grant WI 20024/2-1/2. We are indebted to two anonymous referees of this journal, Leigh Tesfatsion, Patrick Burns and other participants of the CEF’06 conference in Limassol for helpful comments on preliminary versions of this paper.  相似文献   
48.
战后赶超期日本通过"温和"的金融约束实现了金融深化,但金融约束政策在应该放松甚至退出的时机没有放松或退出阻碍了金融体系促进经济增长的作用;金融自由化以来日本通过市场增进--体系重建与改进监管并进的路径实现了金融深化.日本的经验证明金融部门的深化可以促进经济发展,但其效果视不同经济体的发展阶段而不同,不同经济体应视各自经济体的情况选择金融深化的手段.日本金融深化过程中金融制度"创新"与"监管"并举的做法对后危机时代各国金融体系的重建具有重要的借鉴意义.  相似文献   
49.
Self-connection has become an appealing alternative for passengers in the European air transportation market, along with the remarkable growth of the low-cost carriers (LCCs) network over the last decade. As the development of self-connectivity is not directly designed in airports and airlines' growth strategies, this study aims to deeply understand the evolution of self-connectivity options in the intra-European market over time. By implementing a quickest travel time approach, we analyse the number of quickest connections and the share of indirect quickest paths that remained un-managed in years 2006 and 2016. Results document that, overall, travelling in Europe has become faster (−5.7 min of weighted average), while European airports' coverage, that is, airport pairs that can be directly or indirectly connected, decreased from 65% to 53%. The strong increase in LCCs' seat capacity (74%) did not translate into a similar growth of indirect connections options. Due to LCCs' offer redistribution and traditional carriers' partial retreatment from the European market to concentrate on intercontinental destinations, 1-transfer managed or un-managed options available to passengers in Europe dropped by 9.5%, and the share of 1-transfer quickest paths achievable by self-connecting flights increased by only 3pp, from 66% in 2006 to 69% in 2016.  相似文献   
50.
外贸经营权空置及浙江省民营企业出口方法的比较研究   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
浙江省民营企业外贸经营权空置现象十分普遍。本文通过对浙江省民营企业外贸经营方式(间接出口和直接出口)的比较分析,探讨了浙江省民营企业外贸经营权高空置率现象的成因,提出了浙江省民营企业合理选择外贸经营方式的建议。  相似文献   
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