Does University-Industry collaboration improve innovation efficiency? Evidence from Chinese Firms⋄

This paper investigates the impact of university-industry (UI) collaboration on firms' innovation efficiency using a balanced panel of 443 innovative firms in China from 2008 to 2011. An evaluation of firms' innovation efficiency shows that innovative firms do not show consistent performance across the two stages of the innovation process, namely, the R&D stage and the commercialisation stage. The empirical results demonstrate that UI collaboration can be detrimental to a firm's innovation efficiency initially but that the firm can benefit from UI collaboration as engagement deepens. In addition, UI collaboration affects innovation efficiency differently across the two stages once regional institutional factors are taken into consideration. Thus, pertinent policies may be required in order to facilitate UI collaboration and its role in improving innovation efficiency at different stages.     

自主创新生态圈要素构架及运行机制研究

提高自主创新能力是当前我国经济结构调整与增强国家竞争力的中心环节，而建立一个完整、高效的自主创新生态圈对于我国创新驱动发展战略的贯彻落实至关重要。基于生态学和创新理论的跨学科研究，探讨了自主创新生态圈的基本内涵与特性，分析了自主创新生态圈中的生产者、分解者、消费者以及创新环境之间的相互作用关系，进而提出了建设和完善自主创新生态圈的相关政策建议。     

基于创新价值链的我国制造业创新效率外溢效应研究

在创新价值链理论的基础上对我国制造业创新活动进行细分，把我国制造业创新活动分为科技产出、物化产出以及价值产出3个环节，并运用DEA模型对我国制造业3个环节的创新效率进行测算，同时构建经济基础空间权重矩阵，运用空间误差模型和空间杜宾模型对我国制造业3个环节创新效率的空间外溢效应及价值链外溢效应进行实证分析。得出以下结论：我国制造业无论是分行业还是分区域普遍存在科技产出环节及价值产出环节创新效率较高，而物化产出环节创新效率较低的情形；就我国制造业各环节创新效率的空间外溢效应而言，我国制造业科技产出效率、物化产出效率以及价值产出效率都表现出显著的空间外溢效应；我国制造业各环节创新效率的价值链外溢效应实证结果表明，科技产出效率与物化产出效率、物化产出效率与价值产出效率之间都表现出明显的价值链外溢效应，而科技产出效率与价值产出效率之间没有形成明显的价值链外溢效应。     

全球创新网络视角下上海科创中心建设研究

创新资源全球性流动在提升城市创新能力的同时，也拉大了不同城市间的创新差距。以美国专利商标局中专利权人所在城市为上海但专利发明者位于境外的专利为样本，分析上海吸收和转化全球知识的空间格局与作用机理。研究发现，外资跨国公司在上海建立区域总部或区域研发中心，为上海输入全球知识，但本地企业因技术能力不足和企业规模不大，影响有限。基于此，提出上海应通过鼓励外资企业在沪持续投入研发，引导在沪民企进行海外技术并购，建立多样离岸创业创新平台等建议，以助力上海成长为全球卓越创新中心。     

不同技术创新途径与产业结构升级动态互动关系研究

运用2009-2017年中国内地30个省份相关数据和PVAR模型，对自主创新、合作创新、技术引进、产业结构合理化及高级化间的动态互动关系进行实证研究。结果发现：①自主创新对合作创新和技术引进在短期内为负向影响，在长期内为正向影响，合作创新对自主创新始终为正向影响，对技术引进在短期内为正向影响，在长期内为负向影响，技术引进对自主创新和合作创新始终起负向作用；②自主创新和合作创新在短期内不利于产业结构升级，但长期内对产业结构升级起促进作用，技术引进始终不利于产业结构升级；③中国产业结构合理化现状在短期内对合作创新和技术引进起负向作用，在长期内对3种技术创新途径均起正向作用，高级化对3种技术创新途径始终起正向作用；④产业结构合理化和高级化发展在短期内不一致，但在长期内表现一致。因此，为提高中国技术创新水平、实现产业结构升级，应坚持走自主创新和合作创新的技术发展道路。     

Innovate or die: Corporate innovation and bankruptcy forecasts

We investigate the relationship between a firm’s innovation performance and its probability of bankruptcy. Estimating the discrete hazard model with a comprehensive set of bankruptcies spanning the period of 1980–2009, we find several previously neglected innovation-based variables are important determinants of bankruptcy probability, especially for firms belonging to technology-intensive industries. R&D productivity demonstrates persistent significance across different prediction horizons while the predictive power of patent count becomes larger and more significant at longer prediction horizons. We also find that a firm’s organization capital intensity correlates positively with future bankruptcy.     

From boundary line to boundary space: The creation of hybrid organizations as a Triple Helix micro-foundation

In a Triple Helix framework, independent hybrid organizations can be created at the intersection of overlapping yet separate institutional spheres to address innovation blockages. However, the formation process of these organizations, which incorporate and combine elements from the Triple Helix spheres, has seldom been investigated. We address this gap by proposing a model that conceptualizes the creation process of these organizations. We argue that their creation opens up a “boundary space” that differs from a boundary line. By comparing empirical results of three cases, we identify a three-step creation process (recognizing a gap; bringing Triple Helix representatives together and creating a consensus; and designing an ad hoc contingent solution). We highlight the individual role of a boundary spanner in these dynamics. The results provide new insights on the micro-foundations of the Triple Helix. They also suggest an extension of the “boundary spanner” concept.     

Are graduates’ intrapreneurial skills optimally used for innovation?

This paper studies the extent to which higher education graduates with higher intrapreneurial skills – creative, brokering, and championing skills – are more involved in innovation. Crucially, we differentiate between graduates employed in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) occupations and those employed in business occupations. Using data on higher education graduates from 11 European countries, we find that, in both STEM and business occupations, high levels of creative skills are important to involvement in innovation. Higher levels of brokering skills are particularly important for graduates employed in STEM occupations, whereas higher levels of championing skills are particularly important for those in business occupations. We find, however, that the innovative potential of graduates with higher levels of intrapreneurial skills is not optimally utilized for innovation. Our study provides valuable insights for those selecting graduates for STEM and business occupations based on specific intrapreneurial skills to foster both product and process innovation, as well as for those in charge of designing higher education study curricula.     

粤港澳大湾区城市技术创新能力时空演化及影响因素研究——来自空间、门限面板数据模型的实证检验

为促进城市间协同融合发展，采用极差、变异系数、基尼系数和ESDA等方法考察粤港澳大湾区城市技术创新能力的时空演化特征及空间关联模式，并通过SPDM模型剖析影响城市技术创新能力的关键因素，结合门限面板模型进一步探讨在经济发展水平门限效应下，核心创新要素对城市技术创新能力的影响。结果显示：①城市技术创新能力总体呈上升趋势，2014年后增速加快，各城市技术创新能力均衡发展；②城市技术创新能力“中心—外围”特征明显，“中心”城市位于区域东南部沿珠江口东岸地带，空间关联模式主要表现为H-H型和L-L型；③人力资本、研发经费投入对城市技术创新能力具有显著促进作用，但人力资本的溢出效应显著为负，研发经费投入的负向溢出效应不明显；④在经济发展水平的单一门限效应下，人力资本对城市技术创新能力的影响先升后降，研发经费投入对城市技术创新能力的促进作用随着城市经济发展水平越过门槛值而不再显著。     

Enhancing financial performance by pharmacy innovation

Antecedents and consequences of customer orientation have been the subject of significant empirical investigation. Although several studies have explored employee variables as antecedents to customer orientation, work ethic has received little research attention. Additionally, there have been incongruent findings related to the effect of customer orientation on performance, as some have found it to be direct or indirect via innovation. This study explores overall work ethic as an antecedent to customer orientation and innovativeness as the missing link between customer orientation and performance among Canadian retail pharmacies. The results show support for the influence of work ethic on customer orientation, and the role of innovation as a mediating variable. This study advances the understanding of work ethic, customer orientation, innovation, and performance in Canadian retail pharmacy.