中国城镇养老保险制度改革的收入分配效应

在公共养老保险制度下,可以通过调整养老保险的缴费率或养老金计发办法来影响参保人一生中的养老金纯受益,从而实现代际间和代际内的收入再分配。本文利用中国国家统计局2002年的城市住户调查数据,分别估计城镇参保职工在1997年养老保险制度和2005年最新养老保险制度下的终生养老金纯受益,并以此从代际间和代际内的角度对中国养老保险制度改革的收入分配效应进行定量分析。分析表明:在1997年的改革方案下改革前的养老保险制度中存在的逆向收入转移效果得到改善;但在2005年改革方案下,2002年时40岁以上的群体中存在较明显的逆向收入转移倾向。另一方面,从代际分配来看,1997年改革方案的代际不平衡大于2005年改革方案;在2005年改革方案下各代人的养老金纯受益都有所提高,但这是以养老保险制度的缴费率和养老金计发办法不变,养老财政收支能维持平衡以及参保人在整个工作期间按规定缴费为前提的。     

金融市场对我国通货膨胀与收入不平等关系的调节作用分析——基于财富门槛视角

笔者通过构建数理模型,从金融市场财富门槛的角度对我国通货膨胀与收入不平等的关系进行了理论分析。结果发现,一方面,在我国金融市场不发达的现实背景下,形成了规避通货膨胀的财富门槛,财富门槛降低了低收入群体规避通货膨胀的效果,扩大了收入差距;另一方面,通货膨胀又在事实上提高了金融市场的财富门槛,进一步加剧了收入不平等状态。利用我国1978年～2009年时间序列数据,进行Johansen协整检验与Granger因果检验,结果验证了金融市场对我国通货膨胀与收入不平等关系的正向影响作用。     

Income, income inequality, and health: Evidence from China

This paper tests using survey data from China whether individual health is associated with income and community-level income inequality. Although poor health and high inequality are key features of many developing countries, most of the earlier literature has drawn on data from developed countries in studying the association between the two. We find that self-reported health status increases with per capita income, but at a decreasing rate. Controlling for per capita income, we find an inverted-U association between self-reported health status and income inequality, which suggests that high inequality in a community poses threats to health. We also find that high inequality increases the probability of health-compromising behavior such as smoking and alcohol consumption. Most of our findings are robust to different measures of health status and income inequality. Journal of Comparative Economics 34 (4) (2006) 668–693.     

新疆城市居民收入不平等现状分析

本文采用基尼系数及其分解公式对新疆2003年城市居民收入调查的2828个样本数据进行分析，根据新疆的地理特征将基尼系数按南疆与北疆进行分解计算，并按收入来源对基尼系数进行集中度分解分析，结果表明新疆的收入不平等状况并不严重，南疆的收入差距大于北疆，工资收入和转移收入是收入差距增大的主要原因。     

An improved bootstrap test of stochastic dominance

We propose a new method of testing stochastic dominance that improves on existing tests based on the standard bootstrap or subsampling. The method admits prospects involving infinite as well as finite dimensional unknown parameters, so that the variables are allowed to be residuals from nonparametric and semiparametric models. The proposed bootstrap tests have asymptotic sizes that are less than or equal to the nominal level uniformly over probabilities in the null hypothesis under regularity conditions. This paper also characterizes the set of probabilities so that the asymptotic size is exactly equal to the nominal level uniformly. As our simulation results show, these characteristics of our tests lead to an improved power property in general. The improvement stems from the design of the bootstrap test whose limiting behavior mimics the discontinuity of the original test’s limiting distribution.     

基于相对剥夺理论的基尼系数子群分解方法研究

度量收入差距最常用的统计指标是基尼系数,但是由于基尼系数在按群组分解时的问题使得应用中受到许多限制,因此本文把相对剥夺理论引入基尼系数的子群分解中,得到了一个新的基尼系数子群分解公式,分解公式使群内差距和群间差距具有相同的形式,而且不仅能够计算高收入子群对低收入子群的相对剥夺,还能计算低收入子群对高收入子群的相对剥夺。并利用天津市2008年城镇居民住户调查数据进行了实证分析。     

Inequality of Opportunity in Europe

Using the EU‐SILC database, we estimate and compare the Inequality of Opportunity (IO) of 23 European countries in 2005. IO is estimated as the between‐type (ex‐ante) inequality component following the parametric procedure of Ferreira and Gignoux (2011 ), which allows for the inclusion of the large set of circumstances in the database. We also measure the degree of correlation between IO estimates and a set of past and contemporaneous economic factors related to the degree of development, labor market performance, investment in human capital, and social protection spending.     

The effect of reporting errors on the cross-country relationship between inequality and crime

This paper analyzes reporting errors in crime data to see how they impact econometric estimates, particularly of the key relationship between inequality and crime. Criminal victimization surveys of 140,000 respondents in 37 industrial, transition and developing countries are used. Comparing the crimes experienced by these respondents with those reported to the police, non-random and mean-reverting errors are apparent. Time-varying factors affect the propensity of victims to report crimes to the police, undermining the use of country-specific fixed effects as a means of dealing with measurement error in official crime data. These errors substantially attenuate both cross-sectional and panel estimates of the partial correlation between inequality and crime.     

Political connections and the super-rich in Poland

We study the impact of political connections of the richest Poles on their wealth level, mobility among the rich, and the risk of dropping off the rich list. We use newly collected original panel data (2002–2018) and we find that none of the variables capturing political connections of Polish multimillionaires is consistently related neither to the size of the largest fortunes in Poland nor to the chances of upward mobility on the rich list. While we find that political connections are related to a lower probability of moving down on the rich list, we also obtain that they increase the risk of falling off the list. Our results show that, contrary to some other post-socialist countries such as Russia or Ukraine, there is little evidence that the Polish economy suffers from crony capitalism.     

Intra-regional Wage Inequality in Portugal

Abstract

Studies on intra-regional inequality are scarce, particularly for European countries. This paper aims at further investigating inequality by focusing on wage differences within regions. We consider the case of Portugal, which is considered one of the countries with the highest level of economic inequality. In particular, we analyse the evolution of intra-regional wage inequality between 1995 and 2005, employing a quantile-based decomposition method. Our results show that wage inequality evolution has been different across the various regions, increasing in some regions and decreasing in others. Different changes in the workforce composition explain these diverse developments.