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161.
东平水道桥是武广高速铁路上一座四线铁路桁架拱桥,主跨结构为99m+242m+99m的三主桁连续钢桁拱,主桁采用整体节点形式,三主桁内力分析表明中桁处受力最大。节点板联结着主桁、腹杆、横梁、平联等各类杆件,结构及受力均较复杂,节点应力分布是设计中的关键问题之一。文章利用有限元程序对其特殊位置节点板进行应力分析,研究了其应力分布及传力特性,为设计提供依据和给同类桥梁提供参考。研究表明通过调整节点构造和板件刚度,节点具有足够的受力与传力功能。 相似文献
162.
We examine the dynamics of wealth accumulation distribution in Italy using data drawn from the Survey of Household Income and Wealth, a representative survey of the Italian population conducted by the Bank of Italy. We compare survey data with National Accounts data and discuss sample representativeness, attrition and measurement issues. We then look at wealth inequality (the cross‐sectional dispersion of wealth) and wealth mobility (individual transitions across the wealth distribution) and examine the age profile of wealth using repeated cross‐sectional data. Finally, we consider various explanations for the pattern of wealth accumulation in Italy, focusing on retirement, bequests, income risk, health shocks and credit market imperfections. 相似文献
163.
Branko Milanovic 《Economics of Transition》1999,7(2):299-341
This paper attempts to explain the increase in inequality that has been observed in all transition economies by constructing a simple model of change in composition of employment during the transition. The change consists of the 'hollowing-out' of the state-sector middle class as it moves into either the 'rich' private sector or the 'poor' unemployed sector. The predictions of the model are contrasted with the empirical evidence from annual household income surveys from six transition economies (Bulgaria, Hungary, Latvia, Poland, Russia and Slovenia) over the period 1987-95. We find that the most important factor driving overall inequality upwards was increased inequality of wage distribution. The non-wage private sector contributed strongly to inequality only in Latvia and Russia. Pensions, paradoxically, also pushed inequality up in Central Europe, while non-pension social transfers were too small everywhere and too poorly focussed to make much difference. 相似文献
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保险合同是保险人致力于合同订立和履行上的一致性,为自己易于计算、节约成本而创造出来的格式化合同。该合同使得保险人对其所承担的风险、责任、险种等等一目了然,有其存在的必要性。但是,导致了当事人双方谈判地位不平等,个别交涉成本过高,契约正义被隐藏等问题。因此,司法裁判成为声张契约正义以及维护当事人合法权益的迂回模式之一。然而,在审理案件中,对合同的进一步阐释、对双方当事人真实意思表示的探求以及对合同争议焦点的解决,都起着至关重要的作用。这就涉及到如何适用多种解释方式对该合同进行解释。 相似文献
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Pundarik Mukhopadhaya 《Asian Economic Journal》2003,17(3):243-264
This paper examines the trends in income inequality in Singapore using Labour Force Survey data from 1974 to 1998. Trends in inequality within and between age, educational and occupational groups are studied using the Theil inequality index. A new method based on the Gini coefficient is also utilized to explore the nature of inter-temporal variation in within-group inequality. Any increase within age-group inequality is due to changing income shares, while the decrease in educational-group inequality comes from decreases in within-group inequality. The contribution of intereducation inequality has also increased over the years, as has inter-occupational inequality. 相似文献
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After three decades of market development, the problem in China is no longer how to achieve growth but how to manage its consequences and how to sustain it. One of the most important consequences is the growing inequality – between skilled and unskilled workers, between the genders, between rural and urban areas, and between inland and coastal regions. The papers in this symposium shed light on the important issue of inequality during rapid market development in China. Analysis based on ground level empirical studies can help us to understand better the sources of the rising inequality and to illuminate the nature of the future challenges. 相似文献