Hans Singer's debts to Schumpeter and Keynes

This essay discusses Hans Singer's intellectual formation andthe influences on his early writings and on his post-1947 developmenteconomics. It asks what impact the unusual experience of studyingwith both Schumpeter and Keynes had upon his subsequent economicthinking and practice. It argues that the influence of boththese mentors was surprisingly small, compared with that ofSpiethoff and Clark. Singer repaid his debts to Schumpeter andKeynes, but by working in the new currency of development economics,some of which was his own coinage. His motivation for this vasteffort was derived from the social egalitarianism of figuressuch as William Beveridge, Archbishop Temple and R. H. Tawney,rather than the liberalism of Schumpeter and Keynes.     

李约瑟与中国农史学家——谨以此文纪念李约瑟先生诞辰110周年

文章根据李约瑟研究所珍藏档案及相关学术资料,论述了李约瑟博士与万国鼎、石声汉、胡道静、梁家勉等中国农史学家的学术交往和深厚友谊,分析了这种交往和友谊的历史背景和发展过程。指出这些交往的缘起虽有一定的偶然性,但其发展和持续却有其历史必然性,它与李约瑟先生毕生致力于研究和编写《中国的科学与文明》的宏伟工程有着密不可分的关系。中国古代社会是一个农业社会,中国传统文明从本质上说是一种农业文明。因此,对中国科技与文明互动关系的研究自然不能离开对其农业发展的历史分析。这正是李约瑟与中国农史学家长期保持频繁学术交往和深厚友情的重要原因。李约瑟对中国传统科技产生浓厚兴趣初期就展现出对中国农业发展的关注。1942年他应邀在中华农学会年会上演讲,报告的题目就是《中国和西方的科学与农业》。在报告中,他第一次全面而系统地提出了尔后广为人知的"李约瑟难题"并尝试对它进行解答,生动反映出他对中国发展进步的深切关心与美好期待。     

Policy issues raised by direct broadcast satellites

Direct Broadcast Satellites, which transmit television programs directly to the viewer's home, present several policy issues that will have to be resolved during the next few years. Some of these issues transcend DBS, hence they must be resolved in a larger framework. Those that exist essentially within the framework of DBS include issues at the program producer's end, issues at the viewer's end, and technology issues. These latter are particularly important because inappropriate or unwise policy choices made now may nullify the benefits promised by improved technology.     

Managerial guidelines for trade show effectiveness

This article examines some managerial aspects of successful trade show promotions. In particular, trade show objectives, advantages, preshow and postshow campaigns, and exhibit evaluation are stressed.     

Augusto Graziani and the Marx-Schumpeter-Keynes ‘Cycle of Money Capital’: A Personal Look at the Early Italian Circuitism from an Insider

ABSTRACT

The paper goes back to the origins of the theory of the monetary circuit in its Italian incarnation. Focus is on the evolution of Augusto Graziani's thinking between mid-1970s and mid-1980s, considering: (i) how Graziani connected (positively or polemically) with Keynesianism and Post-Keynesianism, both in its Cambridge and US incarnations; (ii) how Graziani interpreted the contributions of Keynes proposing a continuity between the Treatise on Money, the General Theory, and the articles on finance published after the 1936 book; (iii) how beneath the research programme of Italian circuitism (Graziani) we may recognise a peculiar Marxian inspiration, later on pursued for a while by some participants to the Seminar in Monetary Theory that Graziani coordinated in Naples (1981–85). Since the mid-1970s Graziani — who already had a profound knowledge of Neoclassical Theory; and who was deeply aware of the role of institutions — developed more and more his heretical stance into what we may label as a ‘structural Keynesian' approach, inserting Keynes’ views about finance to production and effective demand into a Schumpeterian vision of the capitalist process, and leading to Marxian conclusions about value and distribution. The early forays into circuitism by Graziani were not only critical towards the Neoclassical Synthesis, Monetarism, or New Classical Macroeconomics. They were also grounded in an intense confrontation with other contemporary heterodox currents. The outcome was the construction of an original scheme of thought which amounted to nothing less than a macro-monetary theory of capitalist production.     

Centralized and decentralized buying influences

This article empirically measures the effects of organizational separation on industrial buying in the commercial construction industry. It was reasoned that the relationship between organizations and their buying centers should depend on the separations between organizational buying units. Two types of organizational separation were measured— geographic separation and communication separation. Industrial sellers must relate selling effort to buying behavior and procedures. This study reports on how buying influence varies between firms that operate at various levels of organizational separation. The managerial implications of matching the pattern of buying influence with appropriate selling effort is presented.     

“进步话语”与人性的沉沦——论康拉德的丛林小说

约瑟夫·康拉德的小说创作常常蕴含着深刻的道德主题,他的“丛林小说”更是着力于探讨欧洲文明社会所谓的“进步话语”的实质。文章将以《海隅逐客》、《进步前哨》、《黑暗的心》等三部小说为研究对象,以小说中主人公的形象分析为切入点,揭示出“进步话语”背后殖民掠夺的本质,展现在“物”的诱惑下人性的沉沦。