美国对华反倾销对中国内向和外向FDI的影响

本文基于分工模式和实证分析探究了美国对华反倾销对中国内向和外向FDI的影响。研究表明：（1）垂直分工FDI在中国建立的下游企业、水平分工FDI在中国建立的投资企业都会放大关中行业贸易逆差,引发美国上升的行业损害抱怨。结果,美国对华反倾销对这些分工FDI在中国的投资意愿产生不利的影响。（2）美国对华反倾销对中国金属制造业、化学工业、特别是纺织业对美出口及其内向FDI产生很不利的影响。2004—2009年中国制造业部门吸收的内向FDI比重出现近20％的：k幅下降,这很好地证实了基于分工模式的理论预测。（3）虽然美国对中国产品反倾销呈增加态势,但是中国企业并没有积极地采取对美直接投资的方式来规避反倾销壁垒,而是选择避税地进行外向FDI。这种对外直接投资格局很难形成中国的产业发展模式。     

要素密集度偏向型出口技术结构升级的收入分配效应——基于我国省级动态面板数据的GMM方法

基于我国28个省级区域的出口数据,运用修正后的Hausmann(2005)模型测度了各省级区域2002-2008年劳动和资本密集度偏向型产业的出口技术结构。在此基础上,运用差分GMM估计从全国和区域双层面对要素密集度偏向型出口技术结构升级的收入分配效应进行了实证分析。结果表明:近年来,我国资本和劳动密集度偏向型产业的出口技术结构都有较大的提升,但两种密集度产品技术含量的差距在不断扩大;Stolper-Samuelson定理在我国是适用的,劳动密集度偏向型出口技术结构升级对劳动收入占比具有显著的促进作用,而资本密集度偏向型出口技术结构表现为显著的负作用;导致我国出口增长与劳动收入占比下降"相悖"现象的原因在于资本密集度偏向型产品的出口增长速度快于劳动密集度偏向型产品。     

成渝经济区空间经济结构分析

分析空间经济结构有助于把握区域空间经济发展的总体特征。以成渝经济区的区县为统计单元,运用产出密度和劳动生产率等集聚指标,发现成渝经济区的确是"双核"结构;产出密度数据没有显示出对齐普夫定律很强的支持性;产出密度和一些外生因素如地貌特征、行政层级等对劳动生产率的空间分布有显著影响;集聚状况随着与"双核心"距离的增加明显衰减。     

融资约束会导致劳动收入份额下降吗?——基于世界银行提供的中国企业数据的实证研究

本文考察了融资约束对劳动收入份额的影响。首先基于文献提出了一个假说,面临融资约束的企业,通过信贷获得流动资本的能力受到限制,它们倾向于减少劳动雇用或降低工资水平,从而对劳动收入份额产生负面影响。通过对世界银行提供的中国企业数据进行系统GMM估计和稳健性分析,我们找到了这一命题的支持性证据:私人企业的负债资产比(融资约束的代理变量)与劳动收入份额显著负相关,而国有企业和外资企业则没有类似的结论。出现这一差异的关键原因是,在中国,只有私人企业面临着融资约束的困扰。     

Weak Disposability in Nonparametric Production Analysis with Undesirable Outputs

Weak disposability of outputs means that firms can abate harmful emissions by decreasing the activity level. Modeling weak disposability in nonparametric production analysis has caused some confusion. This article identifies a dilemma in these approaches: conventional formulations implicitly and unintentionally assume all firms apply uniform abatement factors. However, it is usually cost-effective to abate emissions in those firms where the marginal abatement costs are lowest. This article presents a simple formulation of weak disposability that allows for non-uniform abatement factors and preserves the linear structure of the model.     

Strategies to increase agricultural productivity and reduce land degradation: evidence from Uganda

This paper estimates a structural econometric model of household decisions regarding income strategies, participation in programs and organisations, crop choices, land management, and labour use, and their implications for agricultural production and soil erosion; based upon a survey of over 450 households and their farm plots in Uganda. Many factors have context-specific impacts and involve trade-offs between increasing production and reducing land degradation. Government agricultural extension and training programs contribute to higher value of crop production in the lowlands, but to soil erosion in the highlands. By contrast, non-governmental organization (NGO) programs focusing on agriculture and environment help to reduce erosion, but have less favourable impacts on production in the lowlands. Education increases household incomes, but also reduces crop production in the lowlands. Poverty has mixed impacts on agricultural production, depending on the nature of poverty: smaller farms obtain higher crop production per hectare, while households with fewer livestock have lower crop production. Population pressure contributes to agricultural intensification, but also to erosion in the densely populated highlands. Several household income strategies contribute to increased value of crop production, without significant impacts on soil erosion. We find little evidence of impact of access to markets, roads and credit, land tenure or title on agricultural intensification and crop production and land degradation. In general, the results imply that the strategies to increase agricultural production and reduce land degradation must be location-specific, and that there are few 'win-win' opportunities to simultaneously increase production and reduce land degradation.     

清代四川粮食亩产与农业劳动生产率研究

四川是全国著名的稻作区之一，清代四川粮食平均亩产约为222．58千克／市亩，平均每个成年农业劳动力一年约可生产原粮1423千克，可养活连其自身在内的4口人。18世纪中期，四川一个普通农民全年所得，大约表现为银13．04两，或钱10400余文。清代四川农民以“过密化”为代价，使粮食总产大幅度增长，而清末粮食亩产急剧下滑，折射出重大的社会危机。当时四川余粮、粮食消费、农村基本生活情况，与粮食亩产、劳动生产率紧密相关，并为后两者的合理估测提供佐证。     

Cultivated land conversion and potential agricultural productivity in China

In China there is a growing debate on the role of cultivated land conversion on food security. This paper uses satellite images to examine the changes of the area of cultivated land and its potential agricultural productivity in China. We find that between 1986 and 2000 China recorded a net increase of cultivated land (+1.9%), which almost offset the decrease in average potential productivity, or bioproductivity (−2.2%). Therefore, we conclude that conversion of cultivated land has not hurt China's national food security. We also argue that more recent change in cultivated area likely has had little adverse effect on food security.     

基于"3S"技术的甘肃省甘州区草地资源调查与评价

以陆地卫星的TM影像为数据源,充分利用遥感信息(RS)、地理信息系统(GIS)和全球定位系统(GPS)的一体化集成技术,结合典型区调查和路线调查资料,进行了以荒漠草地为主的甘州区天然草原草地类型划分、植被指数提取、草地产草量估产模型构建及生产力评价。将甘州区天然草地划分为5个草地类(8个亚类)、10个草地组、11个草地型,确定了甘州区天然草地面积和理论载畜量,并对其生产力及利用现状进行了评价,为甘州区草地资源的合理规划、保护、建设和利用提供了依据。     

Productivity Impacts of Veil Nets on UK Crangon Vessels

As with many shrimp fisheries, the North Sea brown shrimp (Crangon crangon) fishery has been characterised by by‐catch and discarding of juvenile fish species that are of value to other fleet segments. To offset this externality, the mandatory use of veil nets or separator panels was introduced in 2003 for all vessels using an aggregate beam length of more than 8 m. Sea trials prior to this date suggested that retained catch might be reduced by between 8% and 35%, depending on the area and season. These studies, however, do not consider the behavioural response by fishers to reduce this impact. In this study, the actual impact of the restrictions on the productivity of UK Crangon vessels was estimated using a production frontier approach. The ex post analysis suggests that a productivity decline of around 14% has been experienced by UK vessels adopting this gear.