Technological diversity,related diversification,and firm performance

Previous findings that related diversification creates value have been called into question over concerns about methodology and measures. Reviewing existing theory to consider how a firm's knowledge base interacts with its product market activity, I address several of these concerns by creating a measure of technological diversity based on citation‐weighted patents. The measure indicates a firm's opportunity for corporate diversification based on economies of scope in valuable knowledge assets, is defined for both single‐ and multibusiness firms, and is not correlated with more fundamental aspects of diversification, such as the number of businesses in the corporate portfolio. Evidence from a large sample of firms shows the positive relationship between diversification based on technological diversity and market‐based measures of performance, controlling for R&D intensity and capital intensity as further indicators of the type of assets underlying diversification. Results hold when controlling for the endogeneity of diversification and performance in a cross‐sectional sample or when controlling for unobserved factors using panel data. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Inter‐temporal economies of scope,organizational modularity,and the dynamics of diversification

The question of whether corporations add value beyond that created by individual businesses has engendered much debate in recent years. Some of this debate has focused on the pros and cons of related vs. unrelated diversification. A standard explanation of the benefits of related diversification has to do with the ability to obtain intra‐temporal economies of scope from contemporaneous sharing of resources by related businesses within the firm. In contrast, this paper deals with inter‐temporal economies of scope that firms achieve by redeploying resources and capabilities between related businesses over time, as firms exit some markets while entering others. The transfer of resources due to market exit distinguishes our treatment of inter‐temporal economies of scope from standard intra‐temporal economies of scope. In addition, these inter‐temporal economies can benefit from a decentralized and modular organizational structure. This ability to obtain inter‐temporal economies of scope via organizational modularity and recombination suggests that corporations do not necessarily need a high degree of coordination between business units in order to benefit from a strategy of related diversification. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Diversification and Capital Structure: Some International Evidence

This study examines the effects of international and product diversification on capital structure with 232 firms from 30 countries. Results for the full sample show that international diversification is negatively related to financial leverage, but further analyses indicate that this is mainly attributable to US firms. For non-US firms, we fail to find a significant relationship. Results also show that product diversification is positively related to financial leverage, indicating that such diversification allows firms to reduce their risks, thereby enabling firms to carry higher debt levels.     

Exploring Portfolio Diversification Opportunities Through Venture Capital Financing: Evidence from MGARCH-DCC,Markov Switching,and Wavelet Approaches

Islamic financial institutions are being pressurized by critics to offer profit and loss sharing (PLS) financing, such as venture capital (VC) financing, for the purpose of entrepreneurial development aligned to the principle of equity risk sharing. Our study aims to link PLS investments with portfolio optimization opportunities for the Islamic asset managers. Using portfolio analysis with dynamic conditional correlation, Markov switching, and maximal overlap discrete wavelet transformation, our findings tend to indicate that there is indeed a portfolio optimization opportunity in investment universe for the fund managers who invested in PLS investments in the context of VC asset class over the long run.     

试论旅游企业集团的成长方向

在介绍了旅游企业集团的三种成长方向,即横向专业化（ＨｏｒｉｚｏｎｔａｌＳｐｅｃｉａｌｉｚａｔｉｏｎ）、纵向一体化（ＶｅｒｔｉｃａｌＩｎｔｅｇｒａｔｉｏｎ）和多角化（Ｄｉｖｅｒｓｉｆｉｃａｔｉｏｎ）后,结合旅游企业集团大量的成长实践,逐一对每一种成长方向的经济性与非经济性进行了剖析,以便为旅游企业集团成长方向的选择提供依据。     

上市公司实际控制人、多元化经营与投资者保护

本文从上市公司实际控制人利用多元化经营侵占中小股东利益的视角，检验了其在上市公司中的控制权与现金流权分离度对多元化经营程度的影响。结果表明，控制权与现金流权分离度越高，多元化经营程度越高，且控制层级的增加会弱化控制权与现金流权分离度对多元化经营程度的影响，从而验证了我国民营上市公司的实际控制人存在利用多元化经营侵占中小股东利益的动机，并倾向于采用以较低控制层级实现较高控制权与现金流权分离度的方式实现对上市公司的控制。因此，如何保护投资者的合法权益，抑制上市公司实际控制人自利动机的多元化经营行为，成为应该关注的问题。     

Intra‐industry diversification and firm performance

We study how intra‐industry product diversity affects firm performance by analyzing the implications of expanding a firm's product line within its core business. We conjecture that increases in product diversity initially undermine performance because of negative transfer effects but then improve it due to economies of scope. We further theorize that this U‐shaped effect of product diversity becomes more pronounced as the firm increases the intensity of its technology investment, yet is likely to be attenuated by the firm's accumulated experience with intra‐industry diversification. Data on 156 U.S.‐based software firms operating from 1990 to 2001 furnish support for these conjectures. Our study advances emerging research on intra‐industry diversification by underscoring some of its contingent performance effects. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

上市公司股权集中度与多元化关系的实证研究

多元化战略是企业广为采用和备受非议的战略,股权集中度与企业多元化的关系研究是近年来公司治理领域研究的重点和热点问题之一。本文以筛选出符合要求的531家中国上市公司样本为研究对象。对股权集中度与企业多元化变量的实证分析。结果表明:股权集中度,包括第一大股东持股比例与企业多元化呈显著U型曲线关系。     

论农村信用社的产权多元化

信用社有着自己的基本特征。中国农村信用社实践中存在三大误区:与集体经济相提并论;信用中介与一般中介特征相混淆;改革中出现行政化、机关化问题突出。因此,进行农信社的产权多元化是关键。本文分析的逻辑表明,我国农信社的改革应坚持两条道路,一是将多数农信社改造为商业银行;二是按照合作原则对部分农信社改造成真正意义上的信用社组织。     

The effects of activity and geographic diversification on performance: Evidence from French financial institutions

Our paper studies the impact of activity and geographic diversification on financial institution's performance. These diversification strategies are complementary in generating performance and may provide important implications. Moreover, we investigate the interaction between these two strategies. Our dataset comprises 4532 years observations over the period of 2002 to 2012 and covers 412 French financial institutions. We find a negative relationship between diversification and performance. However, this relationship is significantly positive when institutions implement a dual diversification strategy. In this paper, we propose a classification of French financial institutions. For generalists’ banks and cooperative banks, we find similar results to those of the entire sample. Furthermore, for specialized financial institutions, the relationship is positive and significant. Our findings are robust to the potential endogeneity problem and to measures of diversification and performance.