Why is TFP growth sectorally concentrated?

Research shows that total factor productivity (TFP) growth is weak in European countries. This is inter alia attributed to the fact that substantial TFP growth is limited to a few industries. Because TFP growth is typically understood as technological progress, it is concluded that technology diffusion between sectors in Europe is hampered. We use EU KLEMS data sets to decompose sectoral TFP for nine European countries by means of a Malmquist approach in order to identify potential sources besides technical progress. Applying Harberger diagrams, we describe the sectoral distribution of TFP growth, efficiency gains and losses, economies of scale and technological progress. The analysis reveals that technological progress is quite evenly distributed across sectors in most European countries. The wide scattering of TFP growth is explained by deviating efficiency developments and the unused economies of scale. We conclude that the technology transfer between sectors in most European countries seems to work. Therefore, Europe in general does not need a new technology policy, but a further integration of the markets and a reduction of national market entry barriers. This requires further unification of pan-European standards in fields like trade and crafts codes or consumer protection policies.     

我国城市经济增长效率与城市化效率比较分析

利用数据包络分析的曼奎斯特指数方法测算了2000-2008年我国248个城市的经济增长效率和城市化效率,比较分析了不同区域、不同等级城市的效率表现。研究发现,我国城市经济增长效率持续提高,但城市化长期处于低效率状态,严重滞后于经济增长;地级市两种效率的初始领先地位已逐渐被直辖市所取代;东部地区城市的效率表现优于其他地区,但不同等级城市之间差异较大,城市化严重滞后和轻微滞后的城市数量都比较多。认为通过合理的空间规划和产业引导,提高城市化效率、促进城市化与国民经济增长协调发展,是下一阶段城市发展要解决的关键问题。     

Applying DEA, MPI, and grey model to explore the operation performance of the Taiwanese wafer fabrication industry

The study applies data envelopment analysis (DEA) and Malmquist productivity index (MPI) to explore the operation performances of the Taiwanese wafer fabrication companies from 2004 to 2007. The input variables are total assets, operation costs, and selling and administrative expenditures, while the output variable is net sales. The results show that if Taiwanese wafer fabrication companies want to increase their operation performances, they should improve their CRS and VRS efficiencies not scale efficiency. Furthermore, this paper utilizes GM (1,1) - one order and one variable in the grey model - to forecast the growth trend of the Taiwanese wafer fabrication industry from 2008 to 2010, and then employs GM (1,N) - one order and N variables in the grey model - to measure the influences of the input variables upon the output variable. This study demonstrates that the most influential factor for the output variable, net sales, is selling and administrative expenditures.     

Economic liberalization and sources of productivity growth in Indonesian Banks: is it efficiency improvement or technological progress?

This article investigates the sources of productivity growth in the Indonesian banking sector during 23 years period from 1993 to 2015. The industry has gone through several episodes of policy reforms, starting from the radical deregulation in the late 1980s, the restructuring period following the 1997 Asian financial crisis, the consolidation period in the mid-2000s to the economic expansion in the 2010s. Using panel data of 98 commercial banks, we explore productivity growth using Malmquist indices complemented with bootstrapping technique to provide measures of the statistical precision of the results. The Malmquist index measures total factor productivity, efficiency change and technological change. Results show that productivity improves moderately and appears to be less volatile towards the end of the period. Furthermore, efficiency change tends to be the main source of productivity improvement rather than technological change.     

环境约束下中国造纸产业全要素生产率分析

文章基于中国、美国和日本等11个国家造纸产业的相关投入产出数据,利用数据包络分析法(DEA)对11国的造纸产业的生产效率水平进行了分析。根据环境规制的特征,通过应用Malmquist方法测算了环境规制之下中国以及其他10个国家2000-2008年的生产率及其成分,并与不考虑环境因素的传统全要素生产率进行对比研究。研究结果表明：考虑环境管制后11个国家的造纸工业平均全要素生产效率是下降的;具体每个国家而言,考虑环境管制后美国、奥地利和中国的全要素生产率比不考虑环境规制要高,而其他八个国家的全要素生产率则是下降。根据研究结论,文章认为促进中国造纸产业的发展主要从三方面着手：一是进一步促进中国造纸产业的工业规模化发展;二是加快造纸产业技术创新;三是提高企业的生产管理水平。     

中国农业发展方式的评价

本文运用非参数的莫氏（Malmquist）指数法,研究了1978-2009年期间中国农业全要素生产率增长、构成的时序特征及其农业增长方式转变的绩效。结果表明,中国农业全要素生产率在1978-2009年的31年间,年均增长率为26%,农业全要素生产率的增长主要来自技术进步,中国农业仍然保持粗放型发展方式,目前主要处于低度粗放型阶段。在未来农业生产方式转变中,通过技术进步、劳动者素质和生态环境保护来提高生产要素的使用效率,实现农业发展方式的转变。     

中国农垦农业全要素生产率变化及其区域差异分析

[目的]农垦已经成为我国国有农业经济的骨干和引领农业现代化发展的重要力量。分析我国农垦农业全要素生产率变化态势、区域差异及主要限制因素,提出提升农垦农业全要素生产率对策建议。[方法]采用DEA-Malmquist全要素生产率指数法,利用全国30个垦区投入产出数据,评价分析2004—2015年农垦农业全要素生产率变化及其区域差异。[结果]2004—2015年农垦农业全要素生产率总体上呈增长趋势,其平均值为1.104,技术进步变化平均值为1.160,技术效率变化平均值为0.953;农垦农业全要素生产率增长相对较快的区域为东北地区、黄淮海平原地区、东南沿海和新疆地区,增长相对较慢的区域为黄土高原地区、西南喀斯特地区和东南山地丘陵区等。[结论]2004—2015年农垦农业全要素生产率持续提升,技术进步是全要素生产率增加的主要驱动因素,而技术效率是其主要抑制因素,农垦农业发展主要依赖农业技术进步,而农业经营管理方式仍然相对较粗放;农垦农业全要素生产率变化呈现显著的区域差异特征,根据农业全要素生产率变化特征将全国垦区划分为高全要素生产率—规模效率驱动型、高全要素生产率—技术驱动型、低全要素生产率—规模效率驱动型和低全要素生产率—技术驱动型4种类型。建议通过完善农垦土地利用与管理制度、建立农垦现代企业用人制度和新型垦农关系、因地制宜分类分区推进农垦农业经营管理改革与创新,全面提升农垦农业全要素生产率。     

基于数据包络分析理论的中国区域工业生态效率研究

基于2003～2008年中国30个省、自治区、直辖市的际面板数据,利用数据包络分析模型对中国各省市区的工业生态效率进行总体的分析和评价,并利用删截正态回归模型(Tobit回归模型)分析工业生态效率的影响因素.结果显示,我国区域工业生态效率总体水平较低,然而工业生态效率正逐年好转.大多数省份工业生态效率较低,它们在减少资源投入和环境污染排放方面具有较大潜力.通过聚类分析可以看出,省际、区域间工业生态效率差距较大,促进地区之间的工业技术交流和合作具有重要的意义.工业企业研发投入和外资利用对区域工业生态效率改进有积极作用,而工业污染治理和工业生态效率呈现弱显著正相关关系.     

Evaluating the Total Factor Productivity Growth of National Parks in China with Data Enveloped Analysis

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the total factor productivity (TFP) growth of national parks in China. The method of Malmquist Productivity Index based on data enveloped analysis is used. The result shows that 58.33% of national parks in China improved their TFP, and their mean score reached 3.42 in 2001–2005. When the decompositions are considered, 90.28% of them decreased their efficiency and 98.59% of them increased their technology. Correlation analysis indicates that these national parks' TFP is more constrained by their efficiency change than technology change. The correlation coefficients of them with Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) reach to 0.7834 and 0.9367, respectively. Overall, the authors hold the opinion that most national parks in China increased their TFP during this period, but hindered by their inputs scale for preservation function, the efficiency of them deteriorated but the technology increased, further influencing the TFP. Finally, some methods to improve the performance of national parks for the governments and managers are discussed.     

Airport quality and productivity changes: A Malmquist index decomposition assessment

This paper analyses the productivity of 20 Italian airports management companies during the period 2006–2008 using a DEA Malmquist index that includes a quality component. The proposed methodology is applied for the first time to the airport industry. In doing so, we directly assess the impact of the quality of services delivered by an airport on its productive performance. The study shows that, while Italian airports possess an acceptable level of quality in terms of their infrastructure, their managerial/administrative procedures must be strengthened in order to better deal with both technological modernization and passenger waiting time at the airports.