重点生态区位商品林生态补偿利益相关者演化博弈研究

根据演化博弈理论,构建动态演化博弈模型,探讨重点生态区位商品林生态补偿过程中各利益主体在有限理性条件下的利益驱动、决策行为和依据以及主体间交互作用下的演化稳定策略,分析在不同情境下影响林农和地方政府演化博弈均衡的因素。研究结果表明:两大博弈主体的策略选择和策略演化方向依赖于初始状态及其演化路径,并与博弈矩阵的参数有关;地方政府的行为决策直接影响生态补偿项目的可持续性;作为项目的直接实施主体,林农的积极性与响应度直接影响生态补偿项目的实施效果。因此,应该建立健全生态补偿,完善生态环境保护激励机制,构建政府主导、林农参与的环境保护工作机制。     

Towards zero deforestation and forest restoration in the Amazon region of Maranhão state,Brazil

The Amazon forest in the state of Maranhão ensures ecosystem services that directly and indirectly affect the life quality of its population and economy, via hydrologic and climatic regulation, among other benefits. Currently, only 25% of the original forest cover (24.7 thousand km²) remains while illegal deforestation persists in a violent process that provokes visible social, economic and environmental harm. Simultaneously, Maranhão has seen record levels of burning, faces a water shortage and fights against the worst social and economic indicators in the country. Conversely, secondary vegetation covers 19.9 thousand km² (27% of deforested area) and is completely unprotected. Contrary to the international commitments assumed by Brazil to combat deforestation and restore forests, some of the political representatives of Maranhão have sought legal mechanisms to further diminish forest cover in public and private areas. To promote the conservation and restoration of Maranhão Amazon Forest, a multi-institutional network of researchers was established in 2015. This viewpoint paper aims to draw attention to this endangered region of the Brazilian Amazon and give science-oriented recommendations to policy makers in order to avoid more setbacks. We argue that Maranhão state must urgently establish a policy of Zero Deforestation, protect secondary forests and comply with the national forest restoration policy, thus ensuring long-term economic sustainability.     

Biodiversity conservation discourses. A case study on scientists and government authorities in Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve,Mexico

Aiming to explore the relationship between natural protected areas operation and how conservation is logically described, this paper analyzes the discourses that government authorities and scientists developed on conservation and social participation in Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve. Our results indicate that conservation is understood as the intent to keep nature with the lowest possible level of human interference, as its main strategies are: to eliminate inhabitant's unawareness about nature and to reinforce environmental legislation and inspection. Social participation was acknowledged as essential in reserve management, but local inhabitants, even when recognized as important actors, were excluded from the reserve co-administration scheme and mainly regarded as the beneficiaries of already designed projects. In order to achieve SHBR environmental and social goals, it is necessary to modify authorities’ comprehension of social participation toward a process that supports social change by empowering NPA inhabitants and transforming them into political actors.     

Demand for Fresh Fruits in Scotland: Potential Implications from Brexit

The need to improve the quality of the diet of Scottish consumers has increased the interest and efforts to understand the determinants of fruit and vegetables, as they may help to prevent a range of diet-related health problems. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the demand for fresh fruit in Scotland, with particular emphasis on the contribution of Mediterranean areas. A further motivation comes from depreciation of the GB Pound with respect to the Euro and the US Dollar following the UK’s decision to exit the European Union (Brexit). This is particularly important in the case of fruit because about 80% of the fruit consumed in the United Kingdom is of foreign origin and therefore depreciation of the currency may increase the price of imported fruit. The demand for fruit was modelled as a two-stage budget to include fruit origin. The results indicate that the demand for fresh fruit is sensitive to changes in prices and the pass-through of GBP depreciation may impact negatively on the Scottish demand for fruit and the country’s nutrition goals.     

Multifunctional forest management in Northern Portugal: Moving from scenarios to governance for sustainable development

If there is a strong argument in favour of multifunctional forest management, there is also controversy regarding the types of multifunctionality able to instil virtuous circles across landscapes. Managing forests in such a way that user groups, sustainability practitioners and forestry institutions all agree to, is not easy. For any reliable consensus to occur, via viable landscape design procedures, through which multiple functions (production, environmental protection and recreation) may be coordinated by means of innovative planning, there is a need to negotiate a set of common objectives and shared responsibilities. This paper examines the policy dimensions of multifunctional forest management, and, through an exploratory case study, proposes an approach for cooperative planning and institutional design. The case study involved two parishes in the Minho region of Portugal (Gavieira and Entre Ambos-os-Rios) combining the local communities, the National Park, and local forestry officers. The case study created, developed and validated two scenario storylines through a series of participatory processes (two focus group meetings, one comprehensive workshop, and one expert meeting). One scenario focussed on continuity of the traditional management patterns, with an emphasis on direct goods such as timber and livestock grazing (traditional multifunctionality). The other concentrated on indirect ecological services, such as soil and water protection, as well as carbon sequestration (new multifunctionality). An attempt was also made to implement the scenario storylines through initiating a pilot project in both of the case study areas. However, there were neither robust planning mechanisms nor adaptive governance systems with the capacity to put into place forest management “futures” likely to deliver more sustainable landscape-scale uses in these areas. This paper illustrates the difficulties in forging governance systems that have the capacity and the vision to be able to put sustainable development concepts into practice, even when a coherent package of planning measures are tried out, given a policy setting that is confused, contradictory, and where the “status quo” tends to be given prominence.     

退耕还林制度下的林业经济增长影响因素分析——以江西省为例

林业经济的增长在江西省经济发展中具有举足轻重的地位,研究我国退耕还林制度下国家的投入、耕地和劳动力等资源的变动对林业经济增长的效应有一定的意义。采用江西省2000~2009年的退耕还林及林业生产要素的相关数据,运用统计分析方法和计量回归模型,探讨了江西耕地面积的变化、林业固定资产投入量、退耕还林专项资金、农林牧渔业劳动力数量、退耕还林面积等因素对林业经济增长的影响。提出了促进林业经济增长的政策建议。     

公益林管护费用补偿研究

从产权是否受限和管护费用是否发生两个角度对不同权属公益林的补偿性质进行分析的结果表明:国有林场公益林不存在产权变更或受限带来的经济损失补偿问题,只有管护费用的补偿;而集体和个人所有公益林因产权受限而存在经济损失和管护费用的双重补偿。在此基础上,为不同权属公益林所共同面对的管护补偿问题构建了一个超边际经济学分析框架,并在分工视角下对公益林补偿进行数理分析的结果表明:公益林管护费用的补偿标准应该是介于完全自给自足的林业经济结构U(Ayz)和完全专业化的生产公益林结构U(B1)之间。     

中国人工用材林规模化经营实现途径分析

在对规模经济理论进行反思的基础上,指出对中国人工用材林规模化经营的正确理解应该是依据分工专业化理论、价值系统理论和交易费用理论,将人工用材林培育业、林产工业以及林产品贸易部门进行整合,实现产业间的协同效,即实现林工贸一体化经营。对人工用材林林工贸一体化实现规模化经营的内在机理进行分析,提出人工用材林林工贸一体化经营在实践中宜采用的组织形式,并且指出中国人工用材林林工贸一体化经营过程中存在的实际问题。     

Golf-centered Development in Coastal Mediterranean Europe: A Soft Sustainability Test

Since the late 1980s, upmarket tourist and residential golf resorts, golf-centered development (GCD) henceforth, are spreading in the environmentally sensitive and already stressed coastal Mediterranean Europe. This paper examines, on a Mediterranean-wide level, whether and under what conditions GCD is (or might be) a sustainable local and regional development option. After reviewing the main features of GCD in coastal Mediterranean Europe, it conducts a soft sustainability test using a set of criteria that reflect the overarching quest to maintain the present and future integrity of local and regional socio-ecological systems. The criteria are assessed using primary and secondary information for coastal Mediterranean Europe complemented with international evidence where appropriate. The findings indicate that the principal criteria of resource maintenance and use efficiency, livelihood sufficiency and opportunity and intra- and intergenerational equity as well as the necessary conditions to achieve them may not always be satisfactorily met. A summative evaluation, guided by Aristotelian phronesis in balancing multiple goals under conditions of uncertainty, suggests that GCD engenders considerable risks to sustainable local and regional development in coastal Mediterranean Europe. Siting GCD should be embedded within cautious strategic regional planning that is multifunctional, collaborative and adaptive. In closing, the paper indicates future research directions.     

森林固碳释氧价值动态变化及其与区域发展水平相关分析——以广州市为例

利用遥感手段并结合地面调查,针对广州市这一区域进行森林空间分布和时间序列的分析,然后依据研究区实地情况构建森林固碳释氧价值核算模型,并将核算结果与区域发展水平进行时空相关分析,探讨广州市森林生态系统固碳释氧价值时空动态变化及其与人口、经济、社会发展水平、可持续水平之间的相关关系。结果表明:1995~2000年森林固碳释氧价值增加了5.79亿元,森林仍然起到碳汇的作用,但其空间分布极不平衡,呈现北高南低局面;森林固碳释氧价值的增长落后于人口、经济的增长,社会发展水平指数与森林固碳释氧价值的增长速度为负相关关系,人口及经济的迅速增长在一定程度上阻碍了森林固碳释氧价值的增加。