The cornerstones of competitive advantage: A resource-based view

This paper elucidates the underlying economics of the resource-based view of competitive advantage and integrates existing perspectives into a parsimonious model of resources and firm performance. The essence of this model is that four conditions underlie sustained competitive advantage, all of which must be met. These include superior resources (heterogeneity within an industry), ex post limits to competition, imperfect resource mobility, and ex ante limits to competition. In the concluding section, applications of the model for both single business strategy and corporate strategy are discussed.     

Trading in strategic resources: Necessary conditions,transaction cost problems,and choice of exchange structure

The paper develops a theoretical framework for analyzing the exchange structure in the trading of imperfectly imitable and imperfectly mobile firm resources. It first explores the conditions for such resources to be gainfully traded between firms and then investigates the interconnections between barriers to imitation and impediments to trading. A major part of the paper is devoted to developing an integrative and yet parsimonious model for assessing the exchange structure between firms that are involved in the trading of strategic resources in the face of signifcant transaction cost problems. The model is applied in the last part of the paper to the analysis of the choice between acquisitions and collaborative ventures.     

浅谈农村资源管理

为引起人们重视农村资源的管理工作,本文拟就农村资源管理的内容、特点、影响因素及管理中的关键等问题作了探讨。     

Governance and resource interaction in networks. The role of venture capital in a biotech start-up

This paper examines venture capital (VC) governance in innovation processes. The VC literature often presents the relationship between a VC firm and a start-up as dyadic and analyzes it with agency theory. In contrast, this paper deploys the resource interaction framework presented in Håkansson and Waluszewski (2002) to governance and innovation in networks. The paper reports an in-depth case study of Pyrosequencing, a Swedish biotech firm financed with VC. The results from this study reveal how the relationship between a VC and a start-up company is embedded in a wider network and how the governance of the VC spreads in the surrounding network and influences a start-up's possibilities to develop organizational and technical resource interfaces to critical counterparts such as suppliers and customers.     

Resource interaction in inter-organizational networks: Introduction to the special issue

This article introduces the special issue of Journal of Business Research on the topic of resource interaction in inter-organizational networks. Both networks and resources receive considerable attention in the field of business studies. As companies specialize further and rely on cooperative agreements with external parties, the importance of networks is gaining increasing recognition. Resources are typically a key factor for identifying a company's competencies, or its sources of growth, profitability, and sustained competitive advantage. This special issue takes a novel approach by directing attention toward the processes of interaction in which companies combine and recombine resources at the network level. This approach provides new insights into the development, production, exchange, and use of resources. The introductory article also reviews the 13 articles in this special issue and concludes by discussing their contributions to the fields of marketing, innovation, entrepreneurship, and logistics.     

Resources prospectively: How actors mobilize resources in business settings

Actors work with resources in putting their business plans into practice, some of which are close-at-hand and some at arm's length to that business. Furthermore, actors can transform and translate resources in more or less complex ways in bringing them into the realm of a business activity, for instance through a single transactional market exchange or a series of social exchanges, the economic dimensions of which are very much in the background. The IMP group's framings of resources in the Actors, Resources and Activities (ARA) approach and in the Resource Interaction approach form this paper's conceptual focus. The paper examines three cases of actors mobilizing resources and emphasizes: (1) The prospective or future-oriented quality of resources, in connection with actors' business plans and activities; (2) The distinct rules, customs and practices in settings that individuals recognize to be more or less economic and more or less social; and (3) The roles and identities of individuals alongside their business units.     

Commentary on “Resource use and development across permeable project boundaries in open network contexts”

The purpose of this commentary is to analyze the paper “Resource use and development across permeable project boundaries in open network contexts”. Focus lies on commenting on the value of the paper in light of existing research on business networks. The paper is analyzed from a general, theoretical and empirical perspective. The conclusion of the commentary is that there are important contributions of the paper. It clearly adds to our understanding of resource use and development in business networks as it introduces a context involving several actors in a system of open innovation.     

Friends,family, or fools: Entrepreneur experience and its implications for equity distribution and resource mobilization

Who helps entrepreneurs raise the resources they need and how much equity does an entrepreneur distribute in return? We use a sample of 611 entrepreneurs in the U.S. to examine why some entrepreneurs are more likely than others to distribute ownership selectively to helpers. We find that entrepreneurs with specific industry experience and start-up experience are able to provide ownership more selectively and raise more resources from their helpers. We refine the categorization of social ties further to make a distinction between professional and familial ties to show that the ownership distribution and types of resource contributions vary by the mix of ties in the entrepreneur's helper network. Our findings have implications for theories of resource assembly, social structure and entrepreneurship, and organization design.     

新兴煤炭资源型地区煤炭开发负效应规避研究——以吕梁地区为例

在煤炭资源开发外部负效应理论回顾的基础上,以吕梁地区为例概括了新兴煤炭资源型地区煤炭资源开发的特点,并从资源环境、产业结构、人力资本投资三个角度分析了吕梁地区煤炭资源开发负效应及其产生的原因,认为资源浪费、环境污染与破坏、产业结构失衡和政府人力资本投资水平降低等负面效应在新兴煤炭资源型地区初露端倪,影响了这些地区的资源环境可承受能力和区域经济社会发展能力;并指出引入低碳技术、调整产业结构和增加政府人力资本投资是规避负效应的主要措施.该研究为吕梁地区等新型煤炭资源开发区的可持续发展研究奠定了基础.     

能源消费省区配置及节能潜力分析——以河北省为例

目前,由于存在着能源供需矛盾加剧、能源利用效率低下、环境污染日益严重等问题,河北省面临严峻的节能降耗挑战,开展节能减排工作是河北省当务之急,而节能潜力的研究与测算是制定河北省具有预见性和针对性的能源发展政策实现节能减排目标的必要前提.本文在能源消费省区配置分析的基础上,分别测算出河北省绝对趋同务件下、相对趋同下的节能潜力,并得出相应结论:绝对趋同条件下河北省总体能源效率在全国范围内水平明显偏低,总体节能潜力达到63.05％;在东部地区及与河北省相邻省市相对趋同条件下,河北省能源效率水平也都处于落后水平,具有相当的综合节能潜力.