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991.
Training through apprenticeship provided the main mechanism for occupational human capital formation in pre-industrial England. This paper demonstrates how training premiums (fees) complemented the formal legal framework surrounding apprenticeship to secure training contracts. Premiums varied in response to scarcity rents, the expected productivity of masters and apprentices, and served as compensation for the anticipated risk of default. In most trades premiums were small enough to allow access to apprenticeship training for youths from modest families. 相似文献
992.
Michael Henry Richard Kneller Chris Milner Sourafel Girma 《Oxford bulletin of economics and statistics》2012,74(1):1-19
This article investigates whether there are threshold effects in the relationship between openness and productivity growth that are fashioned by a country's natural barriers, using a cross‐country growth model. Alternative methods of modelling thresholds are explored. An endogenous threshold model is shown to be preferable to the use of interaction effects. The results identify critical levels of natural barriers which affect how greater openness or liberalization impacts on productivity growth. We find that only countries with higher natural barriers receive growth benefits from trade liberalization. 相似文献
993.
Marcus NOLAND 《Asian Economic Policy Review》2012,7(1):20-42
South Korea is arguably the premier development success story of the last half century. Rapid growth coincided with extensive state interventions in the economy, and considerable controversy exists as to how much this performance should be credited to the country's state‐led development strategy and to what extent the lessons from that experience might be portable or applied elsewhere. The salience of this issue has grown as South Korea has become a more important provider of development assistance and advice. Now the country faces challenges in maintaining its superior economic performance, notably interrelated problems revolving around the country's demographics, long‐term fiscal position, and lagging productivity in the services sector domestically, and a taxing environment externally. Finally, the country confronts scenarios involving potential instability, collapse, and/or absorption of its neighbor, North Korea. 相似文献
994.
In the future, the microelectronics driven coalescence of product features and the blurring of market boundaries will lead to growing competition from products and technologies outside the firm's traditional realm of competitors. Further, this “Blindside Competition” can be expected to grow both in scope and impact during the 1980s. Nonetheless, firms which are able to identify the nature of blindside threats can reposition themselves to exploit the ever growing array of market opportunities created by technology. In this article, we identify the forces of microelectronics which are driving blindside competition, and suggest that as a result, adjustments in market orientation will be required. 相似文献
995.
We introduce a racing model with multiple product generations, product innovation, spin-outs, and licensing. Industry conditions and innovation characteristics affect who wins the race and who markets the resulting product. Small firms market their innovations when they pioneer a new generation or improve quality in a young generation and license their innovations in mature generations. If old generation leaders ever market improvements in young generation goods, they do so early on. Leadership in mature generations persists. Tests on the rigid disk drive industry (1977-1997) provide empirical support. The results have implications for antitrust policies and policies governing employee non-compete agreements. 相似文献
996.
Dirk Krueger 《Journal of Monetary Economics》2004,51(1):161-190
European economic growth has been weak, compared to the US, since the 1980s. In previous work (Krueger and Kumar, 2003, NBER Working Paper No. 9410), we argued that the European focus on specialized, vocational education might have been effective during the 1960s and 1970s, but resulted in a growth gap relative to the US during the subsequent information age, when new technologies emerged more rapidly. In this paper, we extend our framework to assess the quantitative importance of education policy, when compared to labor market rigidity and product market regulation, other policy differences more commonly suggested to be responsible for US-Europe differences. A “decomposition” exercise using a calibrated version of our model assigns a major role to education policy in explaining US-Europe growth differences. 相似文献
997.
John E. Beach 《Journal of Accounting and Public Policy》1984,3(4):311-323
In October of 1981, a jury in Ohio found an accountant guilty of negligence and breach of contract for violating the obligation of confidentiality mandated in the accountant's code of ethics and awarded the plaintiffs approximately $1,000,000. At approximately the same time, a jury in New York awarded a plaintiff in excess of $80,000,000 based in part on the failure of an accountant to disclose confidential information. 相似文献
998.
During the 1980's, extensive structural adjustments took place in the U.S. economy. This paper uses estimates of sectorally detailed social accounting matrices to evaluate the changes in receipt and expenditure patterns, including interindustry linkages, over the 1982–1988 period. Among other effects, our results reveal increasing service orientation, shifts in energy use, and increased import and foreign investment dependence. Detailed evidence on direct and indirect demand linkages indicates large shifts in the composition of government expenditure and private investment, the latter being intensified by declines in the rate of domestic capital formation.We would like to thank Greg Alward for the 1982 IMPLAN input-output data, Norman Bakka for the National Income and Product Account Data, Ken Hanson for helpful suggestions, Mark Planting for 1985 BEA input-output data, Valerie Personick for the activity output data, and two anonymous referees for helpful comments. 相似文献
999.
University research parks are important as a mechanism for the transfer of academic research findings, as a source of knowledge
spillovers, and as a catalyst for national and regional economic growth. We develop a model to describe the growth, or productivity,
of research parks, and we test this model using the newly constructed National Science Foundation database on university research
parks. We find that parks closer to the university, operated by a private organization, and with a specific technology focus—information
technology in particular—grow faster than the average of 8.4% per year. 相似文献
1000.