Challenge and Opportunity Go Hand in Hand——What Global Economic Agitation Brings to the China's Economy?

Domino effects of the global finance agitation As the origin of the subprime crisis,US financial institutions lost USS45 billion last year,accounted for over half of the total US,EU & Japan loss.Since January 15th,Chtigroup released its financial statement of the 4th quarter,showing a net deficit of USS9.83 billion,which marked the hisoric high of its quarterly deficit.     

Corporate shareholdings and organizational ambidexterity in high-tech SMEs: Evidence from a transitional economy

As important engines for economic development in transitional nations, high-tech SMEs are confronted with numerous business opportunities, but are at the same time faced with developing institutions and a legacy of government involvement in their domestic environments. We examine the case of Chinese high-tech SMEs and develop a strategic orientation framework distinguishing between exploitation and exploration-type opportunities which accounts for the possibility that managers of such firms may attend to one, both, or neither. We find that shareholdings by top-managers promote a dual “ambidextrous” focus on both types, but that governmental share ownership leads to an orientation focusing on neither. We also find that the degree to which these firms utilize comprehensive decision-making processes partially mediates these main effects. Implications regarding the entrepreneurial performance of firms and economies in transitional contexts are discussed.     

Unpacking the uncertainty construct: Implications for entrepreneurial action

Uncertainty is central to entrepreneurship; however robust and generalizable findings that explain the conditions in which uncertainty may impede [or promote] entrepreneurial action remain elusive. We operationalize uncertainty as a multi-dimensional construct composed of state, effect, and response types of uncertainty (Milliken, 1987) to investigate the relationship between uncertainty and entrepreneurial action. We decompose more than 2800 exploitation decision policies nested within a sample of new product decision-makers working in entrepreneurial software firms. We focus on the primary decision-maker's willingness to exploit a given opportunity in the face of varying combinations and manifestations of uncertainty and find that the type of uncertainty experienced influences the willingness to engage in entrepreneurial action differently. Further, we find that differences in how each type of uncertainty is manifested in the environment, the scale of exploitation (i.e. large vs. small), and the entrepreneur's expertise serve to moderate the relationship between uncertainty and action in counter-intuitive ways. We discuss the implications for both theory and practice.     

The economic costs of avoided deforestation in the developing world: A meta-analysis

This meta-analysis aims to identify the key factors governing the economic costs of avoided deforestation in developing countries. To this end, data were collected from 32 primary studies published between 1995 and 2012, yielding 277 observations. Results show that unit costs depend significantly on cost features like estimation methodology, inclusion or exclusion of cost components, carbon accounting method, area size, alternative land uses and beneficiaries, time horizon, and the continent in which the forest protection scheme is implemented, but also factors like the share of agriculture in a nation's economy play a significant role in explaining unit costs. In future studies, greater attention needs to be paid to additional cost components like transaction costs and the presence of the co-benefits of avoided deforestation.     

Result-based agri-environment measures: Market-based instruments,incentives or rewards? The case of Baden-Württemberg

Result-based agri-environment measures are increasingly seen as an interesting way to improve the conditionality and efficiency of the use of Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) funding for environmental land management. They differ from classical action-based measures in that they remunerate farmers to achieve a desired outcome, and not for complying with a set of rules. We have analysed MEKA-B4, the result-based agrienvironment measure in place in Baden-Württemberg (Germany) between 2000 and 2014, which aimed to preserve species-rich grassland. In order to do so, we carried out semi-structured face-to-face interviews with participating and non-participating farmers and key institutional actors. We argue that MEKA-B4 could be considered a Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES), but only if a broad definition is adopted, as the payment appeared to cover the opportunity costs of only some categories of farmers (e.g., part-time farmers, less productive fields, hay producers), but it was too low to cover those of intensive cattle raisers and biogas producers, partly due to the changing market conditions (e.g., fluctuating and decreasing price of hay; incentives to produce biogas). In fact, in general most farmers were motivated to join the scheme by a combination of extrinsic motivations (i.e., the monetary incentive) and intrinsic motivations (i.e., ethical reasons). Increasing the payment, as has been done in the new version of the scheme (FAKT-B3), may help to ensure a wider enrolment in the measure in the long term. However, the interaction with biogas subsidies and other measures of the FAKT programme may hamper the farmers’ enrolment. This shows the need to improve the integration and coherence of environmental policies that have different objectives.     

Development of an additive manufacturing technology scenario for opportunity identification—The case of Mexico

This study presents a Technological Roadmap for Additive Manufacturing Technology – also known as 3D printing –, which has been elaborated by the combination of three methodologies: technological surveillance, technological road mapping, and structural analysis. The resulting methodology allowed to establish landmarks in the future evolution of the technology selected at market, product, technology and capacities levels in a particular region, a specific scenario for Mexico. Additive Manufacturing Technology is an advanced manufacturing process different from the traditional subtracting manufacturing methods. This technology has generated great expectation in the last years, and a great future impact in the technology is anticipated; many authors think that the Additive Manufacturing Technology is the next “great thing”, similar to the development of the semiconductor, the computer or the Internet. The worldwide Additive Manufacturing Technology industry trends were compared with data corresponding to the state of the art in Mexico, in order to unfold a roadmap for the developed scenario which allowed to determine possible stages focused on taking advantage of the technology and identifying opportunities for Additive Manufacturing Technology in the country, in terms of its use and research and development.     

模仿还是创新：创业机会开发与创业绩效的实证研究

创业者是选择模仿还是创新关乎企业绩效及创业成败。传统理论认为创新道路更容易成功,原因是创新能够帮助企业构筑竞争优势。但国内外实践均表明,大量中小型企业恰恰是凭借模仿实现成功创业,中国情境下新创企业模仿型高于创新型的现象则更加明显。本文将创业者的创新选择与机会开发联系起来,认为创业者选择的原则是在约束条件下权衡何种机会开放方式能够增进创业绩效,通过194份新创企业样本分别考察模仿型机会开发和创新型机会开发对创业绩效的影响,以及内外部情境因素对二者关系的调节作用。研究发现,模仿型机会开发与创新型机会开发均能促进创业绩效,但在不同情境下作用效果有别：模仿型机会开发与创业绩效间关系对情境依赖不明显;创新型机会开发对情境依赖明显,越发激烈的外部环境会削弱创新型机会开发对创业绩效的促进作用,创业者自身行业经验的增加又会增强这一关系。可见模仿型还是创新型机会开发不应是简单的孰优孰劣,而是创业者在约束条件下理性战略选择的结果。     

影响机械通风储粮效果的因素分析

机械通风是降低储粮温度和水分的好方法。但有些粮库应用机械通风储粮时却达不到预期的效果。调查分析认为主要是由于通风方式、通风时机和通风后的管理不当造成的。     

拥抱欧盟——土耳其的动机与机遇

加入欧盟一直是土耳其的梦想,但至今仍被欧盟拒绝。自2008年全球经济危机以来,特别是近期大中东地区"革命"不断、当下利比亚战事又陷入僵局,土耳其对于欧盟的重要性与日俱增,土耳其入盟出现了新的机遇,应予以关注。     

我国商业银行入股保险公司的机遇与挑战

银行入股保险公司会给保险公司带来持续的资本支持,有助于推动银保发展模式的转变和提升保险公司形象,与此同时也给银行带来了金融产品的创新以及新的业务增长点。在强银行、弱保险的格局下,双方在博弈中如何克服困难让融合之路走得更远,这是最为现实的挑战。