新创企业的成长：产业机会、行为资源与创业学习

越来越多的研究正在探讨创业研究的理论范式,早期的研究大多关注新企业的形成而对新企业的成长注意不够。本文认为,创业研究的重点应该关注新企业的成长,并试图提出理论构架,强调新企业的成长是一个环境依赖的动态学习过程,又是一个转换机会、资源创造的战略行为。     

产业转型条件下会展业发展的机遇与对策

本文分析了我国产业转型条件下会展产业所面临的问题,主要有基础设施不足,专业人才缺乏,参与主体单一,区域发展不平衡等。进一步发展会展产业,需要完善法规、深化体制改革、制定产业规划、实施财税支持政策、推进产业集群化发展。     

Evaluation of the opportunity cost of the spectrum: Application to the digital dividend

The transition to digital television transmission (DTT) creates an opportunity for revising the current allocation and use of the spectrum, and for enhancing its efficiency. The fairly large amount of spectrum that will be freed up in the analog TV switch-off is known as the digital dividend. Many EU countries have decided to partially allocate these frequencies, through market mechanisms, to mobile use, but a large fraction of the dividend is supposed to remain in the hands of broadcasters. An efficient management of the spectrum requires that the use of this resource should be supported through appropriate incentive policies. This paper presents a techno-analytical approach to evaluate the opportunity cost of using a spectrum portion within the digital dividends’ bandwidths, for example around 800-900 MHz, for both DVB-T and UMTS services, specifically addressing the extraordinary rise in the use of mobile broadband in the European context. The methodology is then applied to Italy to derive a baseline for administered prices reflecting the cost of spectrum use. Results obtained are then compared with existing evidences from other studies and Countries’ experiences.     

The extent and nature of opportunity identification by experienced entrepreneurs

Guided by insights from cognitive theories, this article explores the links between entrepreneurs' prior business ownership experience and their opportunity identification behavior. Hypotheses were tested using data from 630 entrepreneurs. Experienced entrepreneurs identified more opportunities and exploited more innovative opportunities with greater wealth creation potential. Entrepreneurs that had owned more than 4.5 businesses, however, identified fewer opportunities. The nature of prior business ownership experience also shaped opportunity identification behavior. An inverse U-shaped relationship was detected between the proportion of failed businesses relative to the number of businesses owned and the number of opportunities identified in a given period. Business failure experience was not associated with the innovativeness of exploited opportunities.     

创业导向下双元机会能力对新企业绩效的影响

机会能力在较大程度上影响新企业绩效，但是，已有研究未从双元性角度对机会能力在何种条件下能够更好地促进新企业绩效给出合理解释。在回顾已有研究的基础上，根据理论研究构建了双元机会能力与新创企业绩效间关系及创业导向调节效应的理论模型，并采用多元回归方法对陕西地区199家民营新创企业的调研数据进行实证研究。结果发现：利用型机会能力与企业绩效间呈倒U型关系；探索型机会能力与企业绩效间呈倒U型关系；创业导向对双元机会能力与企业绩效的关系具有调节作用，不同维度的调节作用方向不同。研究结论有助于指导新创企业构建双元机会能力和创业导向战略以获取更好成长与发展。     

Opportunities and institutions: A co-creation story of the king crab industry

If entrepreneurs are constrained and shaped by existing institutions, how? If entrepreneurs products and services, how can institutions remain unchanged? This paper explores this theoretical conundrum empirically through the examination of the actions of entrepreneur Lowell Wakefield. Contrary to previous work that suggests that it is institutional entrepreneurs that bring about institutional change as a means of advancing their social interests, this paper shows that a profit-seeking entrepreneur without prior institutional affiliation or experience can create an opportunity along with the supporting industry standards and regulations.     

Demand supply network opportunity development processes in emerging markets: Positioning for strategy realization in Russia

This paper aims to shed light on the management of supply chains, or rather, demand supply networks (DSN) in emerging markets by foreign companies. According to our definition, specific DSN opportunity development processes are directed towards better functionality and coordination of product, finance and information flows across the DSN. As a consequence, improved performance of the DSN may be achieved, in order to support and realize competitive business strategy and facilitate value creation for customers. To illustrate the concepts and the model, empirical evidence is presented that establishes the role of changing network structures and incumbent capabilities as constraints for DSN opportunity capture, especially in emerging markets. Our results show that DSN positioning strategies designed to overcome these constraints and facilitate opportunity capture, must be proactive, well-timed and innovative.     

APPROACHES TO INEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY: PRINCIPLES,MEASURES AND EVIDENCE

We put together the different conceptual issues involved in measuring inequality of opportunity, discuss how these concepts have been translated into computable measures, and point out the problems and choices researchers face when implementing these measures. Our analysis identifies and suggests several new possibilities to measure inequality of opportunity. The relevance of the conceptual issues and modelling choices are illustrated with findings from the empirical literature on income inequality of opportunity.     

孵化网络多元性对在孵企业创业机会开发的影响研究——二元学习的中介作用

孵化网络为在孵企业提供了大量异质性资源获取通道，也对其资源利用能力提出了新的要求，能否有效利用孵化网络的多元性优势在一定程度上决定着在孵企业机会开发的成败。文章将二元学习作为网络资源转化为在孵企业创业机会开发的中间路径，构建孵化网络多元性、二元学习与在孵企业创业机会开发关系的概念模型并提出研究假设，结合256份有效调研数据对概念模型与假设进行检验。结果表明：孵化网络多元性对探索性学习和创新型机会开发的影响大于对利用性学习和均衡型机会开发的影响；与利用性学习相比，探索性学习对创新型机会开发的影响更大、对均衡型机会开发的影响则较小；探索性学习与利用性学习均对孵化网络多元性与创新型机会开发和孵化网络多元性与均衡型机会开发间关系有中介作用。研究结论对指导在孵企业学习能力培育与机会开发策略选择有重要借鉴意义。