APPROACHES TO INEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY: PRINCIPLES,MEASURES AND EVIDENCE

We put together the different conceptual issues involved in measuring inequality of opportunity, discuss how these concepts have been translated into computable measures, and point out the problems and choices researchers face when implementing these measures. Our analysis identifies and suggests several new possibilities to measure inequality of opportunity. The relevance of the conceptual issues and modelling choices are illustrated with findings from the empirical literature on income inequality of opportunity.     

一类自校正PID调节器

设计自校正PID调节器的方法有多种。该文应用的方法是,以单位阶跃响应函数辨识被控制过程的等效模型[2];从闭环系统频率特性的幅值在整个频率范围内等于1出发;再根据阶跃响应特性来设计与计算PID调节器的最优参数值。其主要特点:易于应用计算机实现、效果好。     

不起诉裁量制度的价值分析与重构

不起诉裁量权是与起诉便宜主义密切相联系的,法律赋予检察官对于起诉与否的选择权。各国立法对检察机关享有不起诉裁量权的大小持有不同的态度。我国立法对不起诉裁量制度所蕴含的丰富而深刻的价值内涵予以认可,赋予了检察机关不起诉裁量权。但也存在着不足,主要表现在对不起诉裁量权的过度限制从而抑制其功效的发挥,因此,我国应采取有效措施,补正现行制度的缺陷,推动相关制度的进一步完善。     

Analyzing the effects of US monetary policy shocks in dollarized countries

Identifying monetary policy shocks is difficult. Therefore, instead of trying to do this perfectly, this paper exploits a natural setting that reduces the consequences of shock misidentification. It does so by basing conclusions upon the responses of variables in three dollarized countries (Ecuador, El Salvador, and Panama). They import US monetary policy just as genuine US states do, but have the advantage that non-monetary US shocks are not imported perfectly. Consequently, this setting reduces the effects of any mistakenly included non-monetary US shocks, while leaving the effects of true monetary shocks unaffected. Results suggest that prices fall after monetary contractions; output does not show a clear response.     

计量经济学应用研究的可信性革命

可信性是计量经济学应用研究的重要问题,其核心在于实现经济理论、统计学、数学在实证研究中的科学结合。本文基于国际计量经济学界对可信性问题的三次大讨论取得的重要进展,厘清了计量经济学探索客观经济世界过程的本质特征;进而针对应用研究中存在的滥用和错用现象,从计量经济模型的随机性设定、经济变量之间的因果关系识别以及模型的统计适切性评价等三个方面阐述计量经济学应用研究的可靠性来源。我国计量经济学的应用研究面临进一步提高可信性的重要问题,需要全面吸收和借鉴国际计量经济学界对于可信性问题的成果,改变研究模式和教学模式。     

The impact of opportunity connectedness on innovation in SMEs’ foreign-market relationships

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) use of business networks has grown significantly during the last decades, partly due to increasingly complex innovation processes. This article investigates how different kinds of networks, depending on location, contextualize innovation in specific foreign market business relationships. Building on internationalization, network, and innovation research we develop a model that views opportunity connectedness in specific host-markets, home-markets, and other international markets as prerequisites to innovative collaboration and innovation outcomes in foreign business relationships. The results of our linear structural relations (LISREL) analysis of Swedish SMEs provide empirical evidence that the effect of opportunity connectedness on innovation outcomes in foreign business relationships is mediated by the level of innovative collaboration. These results indicate that SMEs need a relatively higher level of innovative collaboration in their partnerships with foreign market customers to convert opportunities conceived in home- and international- market networks into innovative outcomes in comparison to opportunities conceived in host-market networks. This finding implies that as opportunities become increasingly contextually remote, the importance of collaborative business relationships increases. By showing these results, the study contributes to research in the international small-business domain that seeks to identify important prerequisites of SME innovation.     

风险投资进入时机、外部环境与企业创新投入

在我国经济进入高质量发展阶段,探究在不同外部环境下风险投资进入时机对企业创新投入的影响具有重要意义。以2010—2019年沪深两市首次公开上市的A股公司为样本,运用异方差稳健OLS模型和Logit模型,研究风险投资进入时机对企业创新投入的影响,并进一步探讨我国不同外部环境的调节效应,结果发现：①VC早期进入能够显著促进被投企业创新能力提升,表现为企业研发投入强度显著提升;②企业所在地区市场化程度越高,风险投资进入时机越早,越能提升企业创新投入和创新能力;③企业所在行业竞争水平越高,风险投资进入时机越晚,越能提升企业创新投入和创新能力。     

创业环境动态性、创业学习与创业机会识别关系研究

通过引入创业环境动态变化频率和变化幅度,以及实用主义、顺从主义、贯融主义3种创业认知学习方式,扩展了现有创业机会识别仿真模型,研究了创业环境动态性、创业学习与创业机会识别之间的作用机制。仿真结果表明：在发现观视角下,实用主义是一种高效但不稳定的学习方式;顺从主义是一种效率一般但较为稳定的学习方式;贯融主义是一种低效的学习方式。为了提高创业机会识别能力,创业者需要根据环境类型选择不同学习策略。在变化慢、变化小的环境中,创业者的最佳学习策略是采用实用主义并保持较快的个体学习速率;在变化慢、变化大和变化快、变化小的环境中,创业者的最佳学习策略是采用实用主义并保持较慢的个体学习速率;在变化快、变化大的环境中,创业者的最佳学习策略是采用顺从主义并保持较快的个体学习速率。     

创业导向下双元机会能力对新企业绩效的影响

机会能力在较大程度上影响新企业绩效,但是,已有研究未从双元性角度对机会能力在何种条件下能够更好地促进新企业绩效给出合理解释。在回顾已有研究的基础上,根据理论研究构建了双元机会能力与新创企业绩效间关系及创业导向调节效应的理论模型,并采用多元回归方法对陕西地区199家民营新创企业的调研数据进行实证研究。结果发现：利用型机会能力与企业绩效间呈倒U型关系;探索型机会能力与企业绩效间呈倒U型关系;创业导向对双元机会能力与企业绩效的关系具有调节作用,不同维度的调节作用方向不同。研究结论有助于指导新创企业构建双元机会能力和创业导向战略以获取更好成长与发展。     

Testing for two-regime threshold cointegration in vector error-correction models

This paper examines a two-regime vector error-correction model with a single cointegrating vector and a threshold effect in the error-correction term. We propose a relatively simple algorithm to obtain maximum likelihood estimation of the complete threshold cointegration model for the bivariate case. We propose a SupLM test for the presence of a threshold. We derive the null asymptotic distribution, show how to simulate asymptotic critical values, and present a bootstrap approximation. We investigate the performance of the test using Monte Carlo simulation, and find that the test works quite well. Applying our methods to the term structure model of interest rates, we find strong evidence for a threshold effect.