THE NORMALIZED CES PRODUCTION FUNCTION: THEORY AND EMPIRICS

Abstract The elasticity of substitution between capital and labor and, in turn, the direction of technical change are critical parameters in many fields of economics. Until recently, though, the application of production functions with specifically non‐unitary substitution elasticities (i.e., non‐Cobb–Douglas) was hampered by empirical and theoretical uncertainties. As recently revealed, ‘normalization’ of production‐technology systems holds out the promise of resolving many of those uncertainties. We survey and assess the intrinsic links between production (as conceptualized in a production function), factor substitution (as made most explicit in Constant Elasticity of Substitution functions) and normalization (defined by the fixing of baseline values for relevant variables). First, we recall how the normalized Constant Elasticity of Substitution function came into existence and what normalization implies for its formal properties. Then we deal with the key role of normalization in recent advances in the theory of business cycles and of economic growth. Next, we discuss the benefits normalization brings for empirical estimation and empirical growth research. Finally, we identify promising areas of future research.     

Demand supply network opportunity development processes in emerging markets: Positioning for strategy realization in Russia

This paper aims to shed light on the management of supply chains, or rather, demand supply networks (DSN) in emerging markets by foreign companies. According to our definition, specific DSN opportunity development processes are directed towards better functionality and coordination of product, finance and information flows across the DSN. As a consequence, improved performance of the DSN may be achieved, in order to support and realize competitive business strategy and facilitate value creation for customers. To illustrate the concepts and the model, empirical evidence is presented that establishes the role of changing network structures and incumbent capabilities as constraints for DSN opportunity capture, especially in emerging markets. Our results show that DSN positioning strategies designed to overcome these constraints and facilitate opportunity capture, must be proactive, well-timed and innovative.     

铅冶炼生产的安全规范和管理提升

本文阐述了铅冶炼生产活动中潜在的涉及人身、设备、产品、运输、起重安全的各种危险因素,旨在建立预防性安全健康管理体系,降低或控制事故风险,使生产过程在符合安全生产要求的物质条件和工作秩序下进行,避免设备设施、环境免受损坏,防止人身伤亡、财产损失等生产事故发生,使生产始终处于有效控制状态,切实保护劳动者的生命安全和身体健康,保障生产经营活动顺利进行。     

APPROACHES TO INEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY: PRINCIPLES,MEASURES AND EVIDENCE

We put together the different conceptual issues involved in measuring inequality of opportunity, discuss how these concepts have been translated into computable measures, and point out the problems and choices researchers face when implementing these measures. Our analysis identifies and suggests several new possibilities to measure inequality of opportunity. The relevance of the conceptual issues and modelling choices are illustrated with findings from the empirical literature on income inequality of opportunity.     

复合乳酸菌发酵番茄汁菌种鉴定及发酵工艺优化

本文以加工番茄为原料,模拟工业生产工艺制备番茄汁,添加从酸奶中分离鉴定所得菌种,驯化制成复合发酵剂,研究优化发酵番茄汁的加工工艺.发酵菌种鉴定结果为植物乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌.采用单因素试验和正交试验,结合感官评价法优化获得了制备发酵番茄汁的最佳工艺:白砂糖添加量10%、发酵时间14 h、发酵剂添加量1‰、发酵温度37%,发酵终点PH值3.96.     

孵化网络多元性对在孵企业创业机会开发的影响研究——二元学习的中介作用

孵化网络为在孵企业提供了大量异质性资源获取通道，也对其资源利用能力提出了新的要求，能否有效利用孵化网络的多元性优势在一定程度上决定着在孵企业机会开发的成败。文章将二元学习作为网络资源转化为在孵企业创业机会开发的中间路径，构建孵化网络多元性、二元学习与在孵企业创业机会开发关系的概念模型并提出研究假设，结合256份有效调研数据对概念模型与假设进行检验。结果表明：孵化网络多元性对探索性学习和创新型机会开发的影响大于对利用性学习和均衡型机会开发的影响；与利用性学习相比，探索性学习对创新型机会开发的影响更大、对均衡型机会开发的影响则较小；探索性学习与利用性学习均对孵化网络多元性与创新型机会开发和孵化网络多元性与均衡型机会开发间关系有中介作用。研究结论对指导在孵企业学习能力培育与机会开发策略选择有重要借鉴意义。     

知识溢出创业理论:评述与未来研究方向

知识溢出创业理论认为，在位企业未利用或者未被充分利用的知识可以通过人才流动的方式溢出到社会中，从而形成创业机会。首先，梳理了知识溢出创业理论发展历程；然后，从国家、区域及企业3个层面论述了知识溢出创业理论研究现状和不足；最后，对知识溢出创业理论的未来研究方向进行了总结和展望。〖JP〗     

How psychic distance and opportunity perceptions affect entrepreneurial firm internationalization

Psychic distance, now established as an individual perceptual construct, is so far a partial explanation of internationalization processes of entrepreneurial firms. Opportunity in foreign markets, although considered important, has hitherto been an assumption rather than explored as an explanatory factor in internationalization theories. Through qualitative data from technology entrepreneurs from New Zealand this study considers opportunity, like psychic distance, as an individual perceptual construct and posits that a combination of opportunity and psychic distance perceptions better explains entrepreneurial internationalization action/intention decisions. The explicit combination proposed is “opportunity‐distance quotient” and signifies a shift from psychic distance obstacles based explanations to an opportunity‐psychic distance interaction based exploration of entrepreneurial internationalization. Limitations of the study and further research are discussed. Copyright © 2018 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Tax multipliers: Pitfalls in measurement and identification

To analyze the pitfalls in measuring and identifying tax shocks, we build a novel value-added tax rate dataset for the period 1980–2009. The problem of identification (i.e., changes in tax policy not triggered by output fluctuations) is clearly disentangled from the problem of measurement (i.e., finding a tax policy variable under the direct control of policymakers). On the identification front, our results favor the use of narratives à la Romer and Romer (2010). On the measurement front, our findings support the use of tax rates as the true measure of tax policy as opposed to revenue-based measures, such as cyclically adjusted revenues.     

开放经济下我国国际工程承包业的SWOT分析与战略选择

开放经济下,我国国际工程承包业发展迅速,本文在研究我国国际工程承包发展现状的基础上,对国际工程承包业的优势、劣势、机遇以及威胁进行了分析,在此基础上提出了推进我国国际工程承包业发展的对策建议。