The responsiveness of entrepreneurs to working time regulations

In this article, we analyse the impact of enforcement practices (proxied by judicial formalism) and the regulation of working time on entrepreneurial activity by opportunity. We find that higher enforcement formalism mitigates the negative impact exerted by rigid working time regulations on the number of entrepreneurs. While it is agreed that regulatory rigidities may increase labour transaction costs, we show that entrepreneurs are less sensitive to labour regulations the higher the level of enforcement formalism in which they operate. Higher formalism is associated with lower enforcing efficiency and lower probability of being punished for transgressing laws. A policy implication is that encouraging labour flexibility might not improve conditions for entrepreneurial activity in procedurally formalist countries. This is due to the fact that, in those countries, flexibility de facto characterises employment relations, no matter what the law says.      

企业家精神对海归人员创业机会识别影响因素研究

中国面临海归创业大潮,海归创业有助于推动中国高科技产业和新经济发展。中国市场充满挑战与机遇,识别并开发创业机会是海归人员在华创业活动的初始阶段和关键环节。以江苏省120位海归创业者为研究对象,探究企业家精神对创业机会识别的影响,并分析关系网络与创业资源在上述关系中所起的中介作用和调节作用。结果发现,企业家精神对海归人员创业机会识别具有积极影响;海归弱关系在上述关系中起部分中介作用,强关系的中介效应不显著;创业资源越丰富,企业家精神对创业机会识别的作用越大。     

创业女性机会识别与创业过程管理多案例研究

通过对15位创业女性的深度访谈,结合创业理论和女权主义价值观,对创业过程、性别、女权主义理论进行了综合分析,审视了女性创业者的价值实践。结果表明,机会识别与创业女性的需求和价值观相对应,女权主义思想贯穿整个机会识别过程并影响机会判断,其看待机会主要侧重于“我就是市场”、“成就他人”、“我要多做一些事”和“好的机遇”等角度。创业女性的价值观通过她们对个人或社会变革的渴望等动机表达出来,管理结构平等、合作和开放。     

企业家才能与创新机会的动态匹配模型——对企业家创新决策的含义

企业家是如何做出创新决策的？基于对企业家创新活动本质的分析,通过考察企业家才能与创新机会的动态匹配,本文在微观层面构建一个创新决策模型。我们发现：1、市场的信息发现功能对创新激励至关重要;2、创新过程中观察到的“外生”信号是否“正面”是进一步创新的决定性因素;3、创新机会可被分享程度将会影响到市场对企业家的创新“奖励”;4,保留收益水平、知识产权保护、市场有效性等外部因素会影响企业家的创新热情。     

西部地区农户禀赋对农业技术采纳的影响分析

本文着眼于农户禀赋对农业技术采纳决策的影响 ,以我国西部陕西、宁夏、四川三省区的 41 9个农户样本、2 8个村级样本为依据 ,在修正了现有理论模型的基础上 ,对小麦新品种技术和蔬菜、水果的保护地生产技术两种在采纳成本上分属不同层次的技术进行分析。在分析过程中 ,我们把机会成本引进模型 ,得出新技术的进入门槛和技术采纳的机会成本共同影响着农户采纳农业新技术的可能性等相关结论 ,从而提出改变技术推广思路等相关建议。     

Are high‐performance work practices (HPWPs) enabling or disabling? Exploring the relationship between selected HPWPs and work‐related disability disadvantage

We develop the organizational characteristics element of Stone and Colella's (1996) framework by drawing on the Ability–Motivation–Opportunity (AMO) model to assess the relationship between high‐performance work practices (HPWPs) and work‐related disability disadvantage. We develop competing “enabling” and “disabling” hypotheses concerning the influence of selected HPWPs (competency testing, performance appraisal, individual performance‐related pay, teamworking, and functional flexibility) on disabled relative to nondisabled employees. An empirical assessment of these competing hypotheses using matched employer–employee data from the nationally representative British Workplace Employment Relations Study 2011 reveals a negative relationship between these HPWPs when used in combination and the proportion of disabled employees at the workplace, although this relationship disappears in workplaces with a wide range of disability equality practices. While disabled employees report lower work‐related well‐being than their nondisabled counterparts, we find limited evidence that this is associated with the presence of HPWPs.     

基于认知视角的创业机会发展过程研究

理性创业时代背景下,如何把握创业机会已成为创业者普遍关心的问题。选取34位创业者作为研究样本,运用文本挖掘和多案例匹配分析方法对创业机会发展过程进行分析、编码,探究创业行为背后的认知机制。研究发现,在机会发现或创造阶段,创业者通过反事实思维推动的创业警觉和创业拼凑两种途径形成创意,并经过新旧认知体系的排斥与趋同形成心智模型,以揭示创业机会发现或创造的认知机制;在机会评估阶段,创业者通过对风险—收益感觉与知觉的多轮反复交互,形成第一人称机会信念和第三人称机会评估,由此揭示创业机会评估的认知机制;在机会开发阶段,创业者形成机会开发内外两种机制,外在机制围绕“探索导向—商业模式创新—新企业成长”展开,内在机制围绕换位思考、效果推理等认知因素推动企业创新、资源获取展开。结论对丰富创业认知理论和管理实践具有重要意义。     

中国收入差距中的机会不均等

本文使用中国综合社会调查(CGSS)数据和基于回归方程的分解方法,将全国、城镇和农村地区的收入差距分解为源于环境因素的机会不均等、源于努力因素的收入不均等,以及源于运气和未知因素的收入不均等三大成分,研究结果如下。(1)2010—2015年,全国、城镇和农村机会不均等均经历了先上升后下降的过程,但出生时户籍的贡献度有上升趋势。(2)通过估算,2010年我国机会不均等为24.39%,2012年为28.04%,2013年达到峰值35.72%,2015年下降到30.56%,而如果不考虑党员身份、迁移两个努力变量以及环境变量与努力变量的交互影响,估算结果会被高估至少8个百分点;居住地、性别、出生时户籍是机会不均等的重要来源。(3)2010—2015年,农村机会不均等平均水平达到33.31%,高出城镇约8个百分点。其中,年龄与性别因素是导致农村机会不均等过高的原因,而居住地差异是城镇机会不均等的主要来源。基于此,本文建议从协调区域发展、完善就业公平竞争机制、加快户籍制度改革三个方面减缓机会不均等。     

Labor allocation to non-timber extraction in a Mexican rainforest community

This paper analyzes the determinants of participation in the extraction of xate palm, the most important non-timber forest product in the Mexican Lacandona Rainforest (Selva Lacandona) in terms of its contribution to cash income for households. Results show that low opportunity costs and low human capital, two strong correlates of rural poverty, significantly explain the degree of participation in xate extraction. This gives reasons to be moderately optimistic about the poverty-reduction potential of programs that successfully increase the price of xate received by extractors.     

激励结构冲突、历史机遇与制度变革

通过对美国“依托大学建立国家实验室”模式的考察,指出美国大学与国家实验室之间因激励结构互不相容而存在制度冲突,这种模式得以建立的原因在于第二次世界大战和冷战时期的独特历史机遇。进入常规经济发展阶段后,这种模式开始面临管理绩效问题,美国目前正在尝试探索和建立“桥接机制”以衔接这两种不同的制度。揭示这种制度变革趋势,能够为中国依托大学建立国家实验室的政策实施带来一定启示。