APPROACHES TO INEQUALITY OF OPPORTUNITY: PRINCIPLES,MEASURES AND EVIDENCE

We put together the different conceptual issues involved in measuring inequality of opportunity, discuss how these concepts have been translated into computable measures, and point out the problems and choices researchers face when implementing these measures. Our analysis identifies and suggests several new possibilities to measure inequality of opportunity. The relevance of the conceptual issues and modelling choices are illustrated with findings from the empirical literature on income inequality of opportunity.     

孵化网络多元性对在孵企业创业机会开发的影响研究——二元学习的中介作用

孵化网络为在孵企业提供了大量异质性资源获取通道，也对其资源利用能力提出了新的要求，能否有效利用孵化网络的多元性优势在一定程度上决定着在孵企业机会开发的成败。文章将二元学习作为网络资源转化为在孵企业创业机会开发的中间路径，构建孵化网络多元性、二元学习与在孵企业创业机会开发关系的概念模型并提出研究假设，结合256份有效调研数据对概念模型与假设进行检验。结果表明：孵化网络多元性对探索性学习和创新型机会开发的影响大于对利用性学习和均衡型机会开发的影响；与利用性学习相比，探索性学习对创新型机会开发的影响更大、对均衡型机会开发的影响则较小；探索性学习与利用性学习均对孵化网络多元性与创新型机会开发和孵化网络多元性与均衡型机会开发间关系有中介作用。研究结论对指导在孵企业学习能力培育与机会开发策略选择有重要借鉴意义。     

知识溢出创业理论:评述与未来研究方向

知识溢出创业理论认为，在位企业未利用或者未被充分利用的知识可以通过人才流动的方式溢出到社会中，从而形成创业机会。首先，梳理了知识溢出创业理论发展历程；然后，从国家、区域及企业3个层面论述了知识溢出创业理论研究现状和不足；最后，对知识溢出创业理论的未来研究方向进行了总结和展望。〖JP〗     

How psychic distance and opportunity perceptions affect entrepreneurial firm internationalization

Psychic distance, now established as an individual perceptual construct, is so far a partial explanation of internationalization processes of entrepreneurial firms. Opportunity in foreign markets, although considered important, has hitherto been an assumption rather than explored as an explanatory factor in internationalization theories. Through qualitative data from technology entrepreneurs from New Zealand this study considers opportunity, like psychic distance, as an individual perceptual construct and posits that a combination of opportunity and psychic distance perceptions better explains entrepreneurial internationalization action/intention decisions. The explicit combination proposed is “opportunity‐distance quotient” and signifies a shift from psychic distance obstacles based explanations to an opportunity‐psychic distance interaction based exploration of entrepreneurial internationalization. Limitations of the study and further research are discussed. Copyright © 2018 ASAC. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Employee recognition,meaningfulness and behavioural involvement: test of a moderated mediation model

Abstract

This study examines how and under what conditions recognition practices are related to employee behavioural involvement at work. Combining social cognitive theory, social information processing theory and self-concordance theory, we develop and test a moderated mediation model in which (a) manager recognition promotes behavioural involvement both directly and indirectly through the intervening role of meaningfulness and (b) coworker recognition strengthens the benefits of manager recognition to meaningfulness and subsequent behavioural involvement. The results of a study of 130 employees provided empirical support for our model. These findings help clarify how different sources of recognition can shape the effective behavioural involvement in the workplace; they also emphasize the role of meaningfulness as an important psychological mechanism that explains the recognition–behaviour relation. The implications for theory and practice are discussed.     

开放经济下我国国际工程承包业的SWOT分析与战略选择

开放经济下,我国国际工程承包业发展迅速,本文在研究我国国际工程承包发展现状的基础上,对国际工程承包业的优势、劣势、机遇以及威胁进行了分析,在此基础上提出了推进我国国际工程承包业发展的对策建议。     

Risky business? The survival implications of exploiting commercial opportunities by nonprofits

Prior research is equivocal as to the performance implications of exploiting market-based opportunities by nonprofit organizations. We investigate an under-addressed measure of performance in this literature: organizational survival. Drawing upon resource dependence theory, we argue that performance is largely dependent upon the extent to which nonprofits focus on market-based opportunities. Through analysis of the population of Canadian charities, we find support for a U-shaped relationship indicating that low to moderate levels of market-based income decrease the likelihood of firm exit, whereas high levels increase this likelihood.     

遗产税实现社会公平的理论研究述评与分析建议

作为一个古老的税种,在市场经济条件下,遗产税的政策目标已经彻底转变为社会公平。这种政策目标转向受到国外学者的关注,大量的理论研究成果应运而生。综述现有理论研究成果,以期对我国现阶段构建遗产税制度提供理论借鉴。本文首先概述遗产税的历史沿革,并从遗产税实现社会公平目标的前提和内涵进行文献梳理和评述,在此基础之上对我国开征遗产税提出分析建议。     

The Distribution and Redistribution of Opportunity

Recent theories of distributive justice focus on individual opportunities as the appropriate standard for distributive judgements. To translate this philosophical view into concrete public policy, three branches of economic literature have arisen, which we draw together here and critically assess. These concern ( i ) the measurement of individuals' opportunity sets, ( ii ) the measurement of the degree of inequality present in a distribution of opportunities, and ( iii ) the design of redistribution mechanisms intended to increase the degree of 'opportunity equality'. The purpose of the exposition is to unify the three themes, to give a flavour in non‐technical terms of what is going on in these very active literatures, and to indicate areas which remain open for research.     

俄罗斯入世给中俄经贸合作带来的机遇和挑战

随着俄罗斯经济的复苏，其加入WTO的时刻也日益迫切。俄罗斯入世后，其经贸条件、投资环境、相关法律等都将发生明显变化，对中俄经贸合作将产生重大影响。