The impact of opportunity connectedness on innovation in SMEs’ foreign-market relationships

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) use of business networks has grown significantly during the last decades, partly due to increasingly complex innovation processes. This article investigates how different kinds of networks, depending on location, contextualize innovation in specific foreign market business relationships. Building on internationalization, network, and innovation research we develop a model that views opportunity connectedness in specific host-markets, home-markets, and other international markets as prerequisites to innovative collaboration and innovation outcomes in foreign business relationships. The results of our linear structural relations (LISREL) analysis of Swedish SMEs provide empirical evidence that the effect of opportunity connectedness on innovation outcomes in foreign business relationships is mediated by the level of innovative collaboration. These results indicate that SMEs need a relatively higher level of innovative collaboration in their partnerships with foreign market customers to convert opportunities conceived in home- and international- market networks into innovative outcomes in comparison to opportunities conceived in host-market networks. This finding implies that as opportunities become increasingly contextually remote, the importance of collaborative business relationships increases. By showing these results, the study contributes to research in the international small-business domain that seeks to identify important prerequisites of SME innovation.     

对加强工程造价管理的几点认识

当前,市场竞争日趋激烈,文章从三个方面阐述了施工企业如何加强工程造价管理工作。     

Auction design with opportunity cost

This paper studies revenue-maximizing auctions in an independent private value setting where potential bidders have known positive opportunity cost of bidding. The main findings are as follows. Firstly, there is no loss of generality in deriving the revenue-maximizing auctions within the class of threshold-entry mechanisms. Secondly, for any given set of entry thresholds, a second-price sealed-bid auction with properly set reserve prices and entry subsidy is revenue-maximizing. Thirdly, a variety of auctions are revenue-maximizing within the symmetric threshold-entry class. Two of them involve no entry subsidy (fee). Fourthly, we identify sufficient conditions under which it is in the seller’s interest to limit the number of potential bidders even if the revenue-maximizing symmetric threshold-entry auction is adopted. Lastly, the revenue-maximizing auction implements asymmetric entry across symmetric bidders in many cases. I am grateful to Jean-Jacques Laffont for his advice. I thank Isabelle Brocas, Juan Carrillo, Indranil Chakraborty, Jeff Ely, Jinwoo Kim, Vijay Krishna, Preston McAfee, Isabelle Perrigne, Eric Rasmusen, Guofu Tan, Quang Vuong, Joseph Wang for helpful comments and suggestions. Insightful comments and suggestions from the associate editor and two anonymous referees have greatly improved the paper. Earlier versions have been presented at the 2004 International Industrial Organization Conference, the 2005 Pan Pacific Game Theory Conference and the 2007 International Game Theory Conference. All errors are mine. Financial support from National University of Singapore (R-122-000-088-112) is gratefully acknowledged.     

谈可转换债券的会计确认、计量及信息披露

可转换债券作为一种衍生金融工具,在国际资本市场上已有１５０多年的历史,成为一种非常成熟的投资工具。在我国,可转换债券只在短短１０几年的发展历史,很多有关可转换债券的问题有待于人们探讨、解决。本文重点谈谈可转换债券在会计确认,计量及信息披露方面对传统会计理论的影响。以及国际上可借鉴的通行做法。     

创业者外部关系构建与初创企业创新绩效:机会能力视角

基于开放式创新理论，探讨创业者外部关系构建、二元机会能力与初创企业创新三者间关系，并利用对大学生创业者的调查数据进行实证分析。研究结果表明：外部关系构建与初创企业创新绩效之间呈倒U型关系；外部关系构建正向影响创业者探索性机会能力，但对创业者利用性机会能力的影响呈倒U型；利用性机会能力对初创企业创新绩效具有倒U型影响，而探索性机会能力对初创企业创新绩效具有线性正向影响。研究结论肯定了外部关系与创业者机会能力对于提升初创企业创新绩效的重要作用，可为大学生创业创新提供实践参考。     

The inception of internationalization of small and medium enterprises: The role of activeness and networks

This study analyzes how exporters begin their internationalization leveraging information collected through interviews with 109 Chinese textile manufacturers. It examines whether firms that found their first international clients through a “proactive” search are likely to export faster, more intensively, and to a larger number of markets. The findings illustrate that the proactiveness of the search for the first client in a foreign market is an important predictor of the intensity and geographic scope of the firm's internationalization path but not of its speed. They support the view of internationalization as an actively pursued entrepreneurial process, which may also be affected by serendipitous events. This study provides new evidence on the first international business discovery of Chinese exporters, contributing to the literature on international entrepreneurship, international new ventures and the network approach to internationalization.     

安徽巢湖滨水旅游产品开发策略研究——基于滨水游憩机会谱(WROS)综合环境的分析框架

滨水游憩机会谱(WROS)是从游憩活动本身、综合环境的特性、游客自身体验3个角度考察滨水旅游产品的开发所产生的对个人、社区、经济、环境等方面有益的影响,是分析滨水旅游产品开发的有力工具。以巢湖为主要研究对象,运用滨水游憩机会谱(WROS)综合环境的分析框架,在对巢湖娱乐休闲旅游产品、生态观光旅游产品、文化体验旅游产品的物理特性、管理特性、社会特性的现状分析和问题描述的基础上,提出了相应的巢湖滨水旅游产品开发建议。     

证券投资时机的选择方法

证券投资对投资者来说,总是存在收益和风险,如何获得收益,降低风险,就要掌握市场规律,认真分析研究灵活运用是操作技巧.     

价值链分析在无形资产确认计量中的运用

在现代知识经济条件下,无形资产的重要性越来越多的被人们所认识,无形资产的范围也在不断扩大。如何有效识别、确认、计量企业的无形资产成为研究的重要课题。本文在界定无形资产的范围的基础上,提出了无形资产识别机制应具备的条件,并以此为基础提出了以价值链分析方法为工具,对无形资产进行确认和计量。