职务科技成果赋权改革的法治标准及优化路径研究

中国公立高校院所职务科技成果权属改革进入赋权科研人员的改革深水区。赋权改革关系到公共财产合理处置与国家知识产权安全建设，必须在法治框架内施行。只有以落实单位权属法定与依法赋权原则为形式标准、以落实合比例赋权原则为实质标准推进改革，才能以法治手段规避改革过程中政府与市场的双重失灵。当前中国职务科技成果赋权改革面临试点方案违背上位法、赋权决策不合比例等法治难题。鉴于此，有关部门应进一步梳理完善职务科技成果单位所有与依法赋权的顶层设计，从目的适当性、手段必要性与结果均衡性等实质法治标准出发修正现有赋权改革措施，重点完善公立科研单位赋权科研人员的国资管理宽容规范、权利共有规则体系以及公益保障机制。     

新中国初期北京市铺底权纠纷的处理

铺底权作为传统商事习惯在北京地区长期相沿,催生了“一铺二主”的权利.结构,在通货膨胀的作用下纠纷不断。新民主主义时期,实行“保护房屋”和“发展工商业”政策,铺底权被认定为“畸形习惯”和“剥削手段”,相应纠纷亦亟待解决。经过长期酝酿和反复调整,北京市人民政府于1951年正式推出铺底权纠纷的处理方案,承认“铺底利益”而否定“铺底权制度”,将复杂的制度革新问题转换为利益分配问题,在事实上消灭了铺底权制度,又保留了其作为传统商事习惯的有益成分,调和了新民主主义经济政策与传统商事习惯,有效地疏解了社会自发秩序与国家制度建构之间的张力。     

科技人才领地行为如何影响后续公民行为——心理所有权的中介效应

在我国市场经济深化改革的时代背景下，过去固有的集体主义文化逐步与个体主义文化相融合，当代中国人的物权意识有了极大提升，领地行为在我国组织管理中表现出强大解释力。科技人才作为创新创业先导，其领地行为对后续公民行为的影响机制显示出别样特点，然而，目前相关研究稍显不足。基于心理所有权理论视角，实证研究科技人才领地行为在组织中呈现的两面性问题及其与组织公民行为的关系。运用问卷调查获得全国高校、高新科技企业以及科研院所有效问卷290份，并开展结构方程实证分析。结果表明：科技人才领地行为对公民行为同时存在双向影响，其中，控制标记和反应防卫行为对组织公民行为具有直接负向影响，而身份识别标记具有直接正向影响；预先防卫行为正向影响组织公民行为，而心理所有权发挥关键中介作用。究其原因，领地行为对组织的多样性影响，主要源于其内涵维度的差异性和心理所有权的中介效应。     

The influence of ownership structure and board independence on the cost of debt in BRIC countries

Agency theory predicts that the default premium on debt is determined by the intensity of agency conflicts since they affect the risk of debtholders. This effect is especially important in emerging countries with high ownership concentration and low protection of minority owners. This paper presents an empirical analysis of the influence of ownership structure and board independence on the cost of debt in BRIC countries over the period 2007–2020. The main finding of the study is the presence of significant country-specific effects of ownership structure on the cost of debt measured with the G-spread on corporate bonds, as well as the absence of effects of board independence. According to our results, concentrated ownership and state ownership increase the cost of debt in Brazil and Russia, while decreasing it in China. We reveal that institutional investors help mitigate the risks of debtholders in China, while insider ownership decreases the default risk in Brazil.     

共同机构所有权与企业创新：协同治理与信息共享视角

共同机构所有权能够强化行业联系，推动信息、技术和经验跨边界整合共享，实现外部性内部化，促进生产要素向企业集聚。以2007—2020年中国沪深A股上市公司为例，考察共同机构所有权对企业创新的影响。结果发现，共同机构所有权能够促进企业创新，其联结程度和持股比例越高，越有利于企业创新，且经过倾向得分匹配法、Heckman二阶段回归等内生性检验和敏感性测试后，结论依然成立。进一步研究发现，共同机构所有权通过发挥协同治理效应和信息共享效应推动企业创新发展，并且共同机构所有权对企业创新的促进作用在市场化进程较低、行业竞争程度较高的样本中更为显著。结论可进一步提升对共同机构所有权这一新兴市场现象的认知，同时为决策部门制定政策方案提供参考。     

协同工作设计能缓解组织知识隐藏“困境”吗——基于防御型与促进型心理所有权视角

如何有效干预知识隐藏、突破知识型组织发展的约束性因素，是组织管理中亟需解决的难题，尤其是在竞合交织的工作情境下鲜有研究同时考虑合作性、竞争性工作情境对知识隐藏行为的影响机制，导致对知识隐藏的认知存在片面性。鉴于此，结合心理所有权理论，探讨协同工作设计与团队竞争氛围影响知识隐藏的联动机制。通过对77个知识团队的457名成员进行两阶段问卷调查，研究发现，知识心理所有权、组织心理所有权在协同工作设计(任务互依性、社会支持和他人反馈)与知识隐藏之间起中介作用，团队竞争氛围在协同工作设计要素通过知识心理所有权、组织心理所有权影响知识隐藏的中介路径中发挥调节作用。上述结论不仅为深入研究知识隐藏行为提供了全新的理论视角，也为构建竞争与合作平衡的知识型组织提供了有益启示。     

“I like to use but do not wish to own”: Exploring the role of de-ownership orientation in the adoption of access-based services

Consumers’ outlook towards acquisition-based consumption is changing, and the importance of ownership is fading. Using the stimulus-organism-response framework and a total of 302 responses, this study employed partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) to examine the role of de-ownership orientation in the adoption of access-based services. The results show that de-ownership orientation positively influences access-based services’ attitude and adoption intention. Further, it shows that stimuli such as ownership burden, economic benefits, environmentalism, and product scarcity risk influence de-ownership orientation. The findings contribute to understanding this emerging phenomenon of sharing economy.     

Fund ownership,wealth, and risk-taking: Evidence on private equity managers

Private equity (PE) managers are required to invest their own money in the funds they manage. We examine the incentive effects of this ownership on the delegated acquisition decision. A simple model shows that PE managers select less risky firms and use more debt, the higher their ownership. We test these predictions for a sample of Norwegian PE funds, using managers’ wealth to capture their relative risk aversion. As predicted, the target company’s cash-flow risk decreases and leverage increases with the manager’s ownership scaled by wealth. Moreover, the overall portfolio risk decreases with ownership, mitigating widespread concerns about excessive risk-taking.     

论人工智能生成发明的可专利性及权利归属

当前，人工智能发明对专利客体范围、专利“三性”审查标准及专利权属制度造成巨大冲击。就专利客体而言，在“算法＋技术”规则的指引下，可将人工智能生成的技术方案明确为方法类专利客体；在专利“三性”审查方面，借鉴人工智能技术中立优势对相关发明进行“新式审查”，可以化解对传统审查方式的冲击；在专利权属制度设计上，基于产业政策和利益平衡考量，构建以人工智能投资者为核心、辅之以意思自治原则的专利权属制度成为必然。     

Digitalization,internationalization, and firm performance: A resource-orchestration perspective on new OLI advantages

Digital forces and digital global connection weaken traditional ownership, location and internalization (OLI) advantages and intensify new OLI advantages (open resources, linkages and integration). However, by building on the resource-orchestration theory, we raise the question of how digitalization (utilization and orchestration of digital resources) and internationalization (firm-level outward internationalization and country-level inward internationalization) affect firm performance. We introduce the degree of outward internationalization and home-country inward foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows as moderators in achieving firm performance as a result of digitalization. Using a panel dataset of 571 U.S. manufacturing firms, we find a curvilinear relationship between digitalization and performance. The top quartile of digitalization efforts is rewarded by significant profitability. Moreover, high levels of outward internationalization and high net-FDI inflows increase the performance gains attributable to high levels of digitalization. Overall, the resource-orchestration theory complements new OLI advantages in explaining firm performance in the digital world.