A review on cost-effectiveness analysis of agri-environmental measures related to the EU WFD: Key issues, methods, and applications

The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) explicitly integrates economics into water management and water policy in Europe. Specifically, Article 11 and Annex III of the Directive call for a cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) of alternative mitigation measures as a requirement in formulating Programme of Measures (PoMs) to achieve ‘good ecological status’ for all waters in Europe. As agriculture is supposed to be the major contributor to diffuse water pollution, CEA of agri-environmental measures has been given paramount importance in establishing the PoMs. This paper summarises the status, significance, and methodological limitations of WFD-related CEA studies in Europe. Cases from the United Kingdom, countries surrounding the Baltic Sea and central and southern Europe were included in the review. Review results indicate that most WFD-related CEA studies: (1) were based on models of ‘representative’ farms without capturing the variability among real-world farms; (2) concentrate on a single ecological effect of measures or are based on cost estimates of the sectors directly involved in the pollutant-reduction programme (i.e., co-benefits, trade-offs, and external costs were not examined); and (3) did not incorporate uncertainties in both cost and effectiveness estimates. Based on the review results, the paper suggests policy implications and recommendations for future research in the field.     

Operationalising active involvement in the EU Water Framework Directive: Why, when and how?

We identify two key stages in the river basin planning process under the Water Framework Directive: the selection of instruments for a programme of measures to achieve the environmental targets, and disproportionate cost analysis to determine whether selected measures involve high costs. Some EU member states such as Denmark are operationalising these two key stages using cost effectiveness analysis and cost-benefit analysis. However, implementation guidelines encourage the active involvement of all interested parties in the implementation of the Directive. We discuss the potential benefits of actively involving non-state actors, which can be summarised as increasing the effectiveness of policy and improving its implementation. Criticising the emerging economic decision-making approach, we argue that economic analyses could result in a missed opportunity to capitalise on the potential benefits of involvement. The article discusses the appropriateness of actively involving the public during the two aforementioned decision-making stages and suggests concrete ways in which active involvement may be operationalised. We conclude that member states should not implement a minimum form of participation to comply with the statutory requirements of the Directive, but should strive for active involvement due to the potential for increasing the effectiveness of the Water Framework Directive and improving its implementation.     

基于ASP·NET的单点登录系统的研究与实现

针对传统单点登录系统存在的兼容性和安全性差、无授权机制以及缺乏用户个性化服务等缺点,利用Form s身份认证机制和共享认证模式解决域内和跨域认证问题,使用URL授权机制完成访问控制和授权功能,运用.NET框架下的安全服务保证交互过程的安全性,结合个性化服务功能提高用户体验,设计并实现了一种基于ASP.NET的单点登录系统.     

海峡两岸经济合作框架协议（ECFA）对中美经贸及政治关系的影响——基于复合相互依赖理论的视角

海峡两岸经济合作框架协议（ECFA）是大陆与台湾＂五项共同愿景＂中迈出的重要一步,必将对中美经贸、政治关系等产生深远影响。本文将基于复合相互依赖理论的视角对ECFA及对中美关系的影响进行分析,并提出＂经济过程解释模式＂、＂总体权力结构解释模式＂和＂问题领域结构解释模式＂方面的建议。     

我国农村基础设施投资政策变迁的倡议联盟框架分析

新中国成立以来,我国农村基础设施投资政策历经变迁。影响政策变迁的因素,除国家经济形势决定的发展战略外,还有政策参与者之间的互动作用。政策参与者之间的信念一致或者妥协,促进了政策的形成、变迁。优化我国农村基础设施投资政策,要求培育新型职业农民,强化政策学习机制,吸纳地方政府、政策研究组织、衣民等多元主体参与政策制定,使以农民利益为核心的政策利益得以充分反映和表达。     

货币政策框架理论的一般分析

本文深入分析货币政策目标、物价稳定和货币政策框架三者之间的关系以及在中国的适用问题,期望为中国货币政策框架的改革提供一定的理论依据。     

基于“结构—动力—绩效”视角的战略性新兴产业协同创新——以日本新能源汽车产业为例

多主体协同创新是促进产业发展进步的关键,提出战略性新兴产业协同创新的“结构—动力—绩效”分析框架,在结构上主要对战略性新兴产业协同创新中的高校、核心企业、政府、金融、中介、上游企业、市场及用户等主体进行分析;从新技术驱动力、政府支持力、中介和上游企业支撑力、金融提升力以及市场需求拉力方面,分析战略性新兴产业发展动力因素;从专利占比、产品销售量及市场占有率等因素分析战略性新兴产业绩效。最后,以日本新能源汽车产业为例进行研究,结果表明,“结构—动力—绩效”框架对战略性新兴产业多主体协同创新具有借鉴意义。在此基础上,提出我国战略性新兴产业发展对策和建议,以期为中国战略性新兴产业协同创新发展提供方向。     

新兴古典视角:区域差距问题的再思考

本文重拾古典分工思想,在新兴古典经济学的分析框架下,对区域差距问题进行重新思考,提出区域经济发展差距源于不同区域间交易效率和分工水平差异的看法,认为交易效率的改进能够提高落后地区的专业化分工水平和总合生产力,有助于区域间经济发展差距的逐步缩小.     

中国制造企业创新战略变革模式选择——基于战略三角框架的模糊集定性比较分析

数字经济时代数字技术与实体经济深度融合,中国制造企业面临通过战略变革实现创新发展的机遇和挑战。囿于理论视角和研究方法,现有研究难以指导管理者实现有效的战略变革。鉴于此,立足战略三角框架,运用模糊集定性比较分析方法（fsQCA）,基于2018年中国A股上市制造企业样本数据,检验政府效率、创新创业活跃度、过往绩效、控股股东性质、市场竞争度与战略变革幅度6项条件对创新绩效的组态效应。结果表明：战略变革不构成高创新绩效的必要条件,不同制度情境下企业应依据组织要素特征选择战略变革模式。4种组态能够引致高创新绩效：高政府效率、非高创新创业活跃度环境下高绩效国企宜实施回避式战略变革;高政府效率、高创新创业活跃度环境下高绩效民企应实施妥洽式战略变革;高政府效率、高创新创业活跃度环境下非高绩效国企宜实施转向式战略变革;非高政府效率、非高创新创业活跃度环境下非高绩效企业应进行复兴式战略变革。     

通货膨胀目标制:内容、特点与启示

通货膨胀目标制是20世纪90年代以来货币政策实践的最新发展。这一新的货币政策框架使中央银行的独立性增强,货币政策透明度增加,货币政策操作更具前瞻性,并提高了货币政策的可信度。其成功经验,对完善中国货币政策操作具有启示和借鉴意义。