基尼系数分解分析中国城市居民收入不平等

当GINI系数按组（如职业,性别,区域）分解时,它可以分为组内、组间和层迭项（overlapped）三个组成部分,从文献检索来看,GINI系数的分解方法已有许多,但大多数分解方法不仅不易于理解而且计算非常繁重.本文应用Yao和Liu（1996）提出的四步分解法克服了其他方法存在的缺点,并以中国2003年的城镇居民收入调查数据为例,说明这个新方法可以容易地应用于研究中国各地区城市居民间收入的不平等状况.本文在许多以前的研究未能认识到的层迭带部分有实质性的突破.     

国外住房合作社的经验与启示

住房舍作社作为解决低收入者住房问题的社会团体组织,在国外已有一百多年的历史.鉴于住房合作社在解决低收入者住房方面的重要作用,国外的住房合作社在发展的过程中普遍得到了政府的大力支持.在当前我国各大城市房价扶摇直上的背景下,我们应该借鉴国外发展住房合作社的经验,发展我国的住房合作社,使城市中的低收入者实现居者有其屋.     

A Spatial Modelling Framework for Income Estimation

Abstract

The main aim of this paper is to provide a spatial modelling framework for income estimation through the application of a contemporary spatial analysis technique. The application refers to the modelling of mean recorded household income in the area covered by the postcodes of the municipality of Athens in 2001. The main findings suggest that there is a very strong relationship between the proportion of people with a postgraduate qualification (namely, a Master's degree or PhD) and mean household income. Furthermore, there is evidence that this relationship is not stationary across space. This finding allows a better understanding as well as modelling of the main determinants of income in Athens.     

Fuzzy measurement of income inequality: Some possibility results on the fuzzification of the lorenz ordering

Summary This paper starts from the premise that the concept of income inequality is ill-defined, and hence, it studies the measurement of income inequality from a fuzzy set theoretical point of view. It is argued that the standard (fuzzy) transitivity concepts are not compatible with fuzzy inequality orderings which respect Lorenz ordering. For instance, we show that there does not exist a max-min transitive fuzzy relation on a given income distribution space which ranks distributions unambiguously according to the Lorenz criterion whenever they can actually be ranked by it. Weakening the imposed transitivity concept, it is possible to escape from the noted impossibility theorems. We introduce some alternative transitivity concepts for fuzzy relations, and subsequently, construct a class of fuzzy orderings which preserve Lorenz ordering and satisfy these alternative transitivities. It is also shown that fuzzy measurement can be used to construct confidence intervals for the crisp conclusions of inequality indices.I wish to thank Ashish Banerjee, Kaushik Basu, Larry Blume, Gary Fields, Semih Koray, Tapan Mitra, Antony Shorrocks, Sinan Unur and two anonymous referees of this journal for insighthul comments and suggestions. I am also grateful to the participants of the 1993 Midwest Mathematical Economics Conference held in University of Wisconsin at Madison and the 2nd International Meeting of the Society for Social Choice and Welfare held in University of Rochester.     

试论实物期权及其在会计实证研究中的运用

实物期权是以实物资产为标的物的未来选择权。实物期权的思想目前已被西方的学者广泛地用于会计的 实证研究当中,然而国内却鲜有学者涉足这一领域。因此本文试就此做出简要的介绍,以期起到抛砖引玉的作用。     

Income inequality, democracy and growth reconsidered

Persson and Tabellini (Persson, T., Tabellini, G., 1992a. Growth, distribution and politics. Eur. Econ. Rev. 36, 593–602; Persson, T., Tabellini, G., 1992b. Growth, distribution and politics. In: Cukierman, A., Hercowitz, Z., Leiderman, L. (Eds.), Political Economy, Growth, and Business Cycles. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 3–22; Persson, T., Tabellini, G., 1994. Is inequality harmful for growth? Am. Econ. Rev. 84, 600–621) as well as Alesina and Rodrik (Alesina, A., Rodrik, D., 1992. Distribution, political conflict, and economic growth. In: Cukierman, A., Hercowitz, Z., Leiderman, L. (Eds.), Political Economy, Growth, and Business Cycles. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, pp. 23–50; Alesina, A., Rodrik, D., 1994. Distributive politics and economic growth, Q. J. Econ. 109, 465–490) have argued that income inequality reduces economic growth rates among democracies because it promotes distributional struggles. In this paper I question the supportive evidence for a number of reasons. Measures of income distribution and democracy are unreliable and permit only very tentative conclusions. Changes in data sources or recoding of some influential cases affect results. It is questionable whether equality effects on growth apply only within democracies, as a median voter interpretation of this relationship should make one expect. The general idea that distributional struggle hurts the growth prospects of nations, however, receives some empirical support.     

产业结构调整与增进城乡收入实证研究

经济发展应实现国民产出增长、产业结构优化,更应实现人民收入水平的提高和社会的普遍进步。由此而来的一个问题是,如何让全体人民在改革发展中共享成果？从经济学的视野看,普遍提高人民的收入水平,最终实现共同富裕无疑是一个重要的标杆。在考察各省区市城乡收入结构与产业结构之间的关系后发现,通过产业结构调整、产业转移与承接进而促进区域经济协调发展是弥合区域收入水平差距的重要途径,适当调整收入分配政策、提高公共财政在农村的覆盖面、建立社会主义新农村是缩小城乡收入差距的合理性制度选择。     

Does the labor-income process contain a unit root? Evidence from individual-specific time series

Calibrations of models related to life-cycle behavior of consumption and saving often invoke the important assumption of a unit root in individuals׳ labor-income process. We for the first time test this assumption using methods for univariate time series. Based on longitudinal register data from 1968 to 2005, we first estimate an autoregressive model for each individual using a method for approximately median-unbiased estimation. We then exploit the resulting distribution of the individual-specific estimates to draw inference about the presence of a unit root. Results indicate that earnings for the representative worker are governed by a process where shocks to earnings have moderate persistence and are both economically and statistically significantly different from having permanent effects. These results question the heavy use of unit-root processes for earnings.     

On the (non-)equivalence of IRR and NPV

The internal rate of return (IRR) is generally considered inferior to the net present value (NPV) as a tool for evaluating and ranking projects, despite its inherently useful comparability to the cost of capital and the return of other investment opportunities. We introduce the “selective IRR”, a return criterion which, as a selection of an extended set of possible IRRs, is NPV-consistent. The selective IRR always exists, is unique, easy to compute, and does not suffer from drawbacks that befall the project investment rate, the only other known NPV-consistent return criterion.     

Boom, bust, and the poor: Poverty dynamics in the Middle East and North Africa, 1970–1999

This paper analyzes changes in poverty and inequality in the Middle East and North Africa. It finds that the structural relationship between poverty reduction, income growth and distribution is the same for MENA and other developing economies. Prior to 1985 rapid growth sharply reduced poverty. After 1985, despite very low income growth, a rising share of income accruing to the lowest quintile meant that the average income of the poor rose more rapidly than that of the non-poor. These unusual poverty dynamics were primarily due to international migration. Remittances both increased per capita incomes in labor exporting countries and increased the share of income accruing to the poor.