In‐Work Credits in the UK and the US

In‐work credits grew in popularity worldwide during the late 1990s and 2000s as a means of reforming welfare systems in ways that could both encourage work and reduce poverty. This paper reviews the role of in‐work tax credits in the UK and the US, what is known and remains to be known about their impacts and distributional consequences, and the possibilities for reform. Evidence is clear that in‐work credits reduce poverty and can encourage lone parents to work, but have minimal impacts, in aggregate, on second earners. Spending on in‐work credits has grown in the UK, but there have been two major overhauls of the way these are structured so that, on current plans, the UK will not have an identifiable in‐work credit by 2023. In the US, in‐work assistance has grown in generosity and reach since the 1980s, thanks to broad political support for the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) and the (less‐targeted) Child Tax Credit. Future debates in the UK should focus on the rise of in‐work poverty, particularly amongst couples, with some needed focus on the design of in‐work benefits, a debate where economic analysis and evidence should have a major role to play. In the US, the policy discussion should be about whether to increase substantially the EITC for those without children, and how best to maintain or expand the credit's generosity for those with children.     

农村税费制度改革研究

农村税费制度改革是减轻农民负担的根本出路。本文在对河北省农村税费状况考察的基础上 ,针对现行农村税费制度的弊端 ,提出了完善农业税制 ,调整农业税收负担 ,将乡统筹并入农业税 ,将村提留改为农业税附加的改革思路。     

Optimal investment with taxes: an existence result

We study the deterministic control problem of maximizing utility from consumption of an agent who seeks to optimally allocate his wealth between consumption and investment in a financial asset subject to taxes on benefits with first-in–first-out priority rule on sales. Short sales are prohibited and consumption is restricted to be non-negative. Such a problem has been introduced in a previous paper by the same authors where the first-order conditions have been derived. In this paper, we establish an existence result for this non-classical optimal control problem.     

财政支出竞争演进对居民福利水平的影响分析

随着经济、社会的发展，特别是中央政府考核标准的改变，财政支出竞争对居民福利的影响会有所变化。本文以此为出发点，将支出竞争分为初级和高级两阶段，通过博弈论和实证方法，研究支出竞争对居民福利的具体影响，研究发现以资本为目标的初级阶段损害了居民福利，而以资本、人才、制度等多重指标为目标的高级阶段则有利于居民福利的提高。     

从立法理念与实践的关系论“偷税罪”的修改

2009年新通过的《中华人民共和国刑法修正案（七）》,以＂逃避缴纳税款罪＂取代了原来的＂偷税罪＂。本文以法律对于此项犯罪的具体修正为切入点,分析了立法的进步及其所反映出的立法理念的变化;通过对立法理念与现实实践之间可能产生的冲突的分析,指出了此次法律修正的不足之处,对其完善提出了建议。     

Equilibrium capital taxation in open economies under commitment

This paper analyzes equilibrium capital taxation in open economies with strategic interaction in a neo-classical growth model. Under perfect commitment, I show that non-cooperative capital taxes are zero in the long run for a large open economy, thereby generalizing the result previously established only for the special cases of a closed and a small open economy. This does not represent a race to the bottom, though, since the result is independent of the degree of capital mobility, the number of countries, or a country׳s size relative to the rest of the world. Moreover, when countries cooperate, they still set capital taxes to zero in the long run. These outcomes are robust to different equilibrium specifications, the inclusion of endogenous government spending, and heterogeneous agents and non-linear labor income taxation. Governments find it optimal to implement the efficient capital allocation in the long run, both in a closed and an open economy; this trumps incentives to tax foreigners’ domestic capital holdings by raising capital taxes and attracting capital from abroad by lowering capital taxes.     

环境税征收、社会责任承担与企业绿色创新*

近年来,我国经济发展面临资源环境的约束问题愈发凸显,推进经济高质量发展迫切需要传统工业企业实现绿色创新转型升级,而环境税征收和企业社会责任承担分别作为一种基于外部市场激励型和内部自主激励型的重要工具,两者能否有效发挥激励协同效应？本文以2010—2018年我国沪深A股工业类上市公司为研究样本,实证检验了环境税征收与企业社会责任承担的交互作用对企业绿色创新的影响,研究结果发现：（1）环境税征收与社会责任承担发挥着显著正向激励协同效应,环境税征收强度越大则越有利于促进企业绿色创新能力提升,且该正相关关系将随着企业社会责任承担水平提升而得到增强。（2）企业社会责任承担水平越高并不利于企业绿色创新能力提升,但该负相关关系将随着环境税征收强度增加而受到抑制。（3）进一步研究发现以上效应主要存在于大规模企业、高成长性企业、研发能力较强企业,以及市场化程度较高地区和东部地区。（4）相对于非国有企业,环境税征收及其与社会责任承担的正向交互效应显著存在于国有企业之中。上述研究结论丰富了企业绿色创新驱动因素和环境税征收经济后果的相关文献,对于新时期如何有效发挥企业绿色创新激励协同机制,以助推我国传统工业企业顺利实现绿色创新转型升级等有重要启示。     

Measuring the Foreign Exchange Premium and the Premium for Non‐Tradable Outlays for 20 Countries in Africa

In this paper, we develop an analytical general equilibrium framework to measure the foreign exchange premium and the premium for non‐tradable outlays for a country. The framework allows us to capture in a consistent manner the impacts of the sourcing of funds and their expenditure on tradable and non‐tradable goods and services of investment projects. An application of the model is carried out for 20 countries in Africa. The results show that the foreign exchange premiums range from 2.4% to 9.0% and the premium for non‐tradable outlays from ?0.7% to 2.9%. The empirical values depend on a number of factors, including the indirect taxes, production subsidies and international trade distortions of a country. These premiums should be incorporated into the economic evaluation of investment projects.     

太平天国后期清政府的“减赋”政策

太平天国后期,清政府对部分战区省份实行“减赋”政策,在一定程度上达到了它的预期目的。但在太平天国农民起义被镇压后,清政府马上将“减赋”政策转变为清赋政策,加紧对广大农民的横征暴敛,这再一次证明了“黄宗羲定律”,给后人留下了深刻的经验教训。     

税收政策的变化影响公司资本结构吗？--基于两税合并的经验数据

本文基于我国两税合并的背景,运用区间分析、配对样本T检验、回归分析和倍数差分法等方法,实证检验所得税政策的变化是否对资本结构产生影响,进而验证修正的MM理论是否适应中国资本市场。研究结果表明：所得税税负水平与公司资本结构显著正相关;由于新税法的实行,所得税税率下降的内资公司相应的降低了公司财务杠杆;两税合并前后税率下降的样本公司比税率不变的样本公司的资本结构变动显著要大。综合而言,税收政策能够显著影响公司资本结构决策。