THE SUBSTANCE OF ACCOUNTING FOR PUBLIC‐PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS

This article evaluates Public‐Private Partnerships (PPP) accounting practice and the related financial accounting and reporting requirements. Governments across the world are seeking to access private finance to improve public infrastructure. Accounting for PPPs has encountered many difficulties, one of which is the practice by which PPPs are not accounted for as fixed assets on the balance sheet of either the public sector client or the private sector operator. Accounting for PPPs has grown in importance at a time of transition from national Generally Accepted Accounting Practice (GAAP) to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Under UK GAAP, both client and operator accounting adopt the reasoning – familiar from leasing standards – of the allocation of risks and rewards between the parties to determine the party which should recognize the fixed asset on its balance sheet. The gap in IFRS with regard to operator accounting has been filled by the interpretation IFRIC 12 on service concession agreements: this moves the reasoning from risks and rewards to control, familiar from consolidation standards. The UK Treasury and the International Public Sector Accounting Standards Board (IPSASB) have required/proposed the adoption of the mirror‐image treatment of IFRIC 12. In most, but not all, cases, control will be assessed to rest with the client, which will recognize property, plant and equipment, and not with the operator, which will recognize either a financial asset or an intangible asset on the basis of an assessment of which party bears the majority of risks and rewards. Under both UK GAAP and IFRS, accounting policy choices are strongly influenced by, for the client, governmental control frameworks, and for the operator, by the implications for the profile of distributable profits and for taxation. An important public policy issue is that the national accounts, which for European Union member states must comply with European System of Accounts 1995, will remain on a risks and rewards basis. It is these numbers that will be used in assessments of macro‐fiscal policy and fiscal risks, notwithstanding that the Eurostat version of risks and rewards is even more open to manipulation than were the national financial reporting standards.     

中小民营企业与关系型融资——基于濮院羊毛衫产业的实证研究

信贷市场的信息不对称导致了中小民营企业面临着严重的信贷约束,关系型融资是解决中小民营企业信贷约束的一种方式.拳文运用濮院羊毛衫产业的调研数据,检验了地缘性和事缘性关系对中小民营企业获得融资的影响.研究结果表明中小民营企业家在本地创业面临的信贷约束较低;此外,企业家在日常经营过程中积累的事缘性关系有助于其获得正式和非正式的融资.进一步的计量检验支持了我们的假设.     

民间资本进入金融领域问题研究——以松原市为例

随着我国经济的不断发展,民间资本的实力不断发展壮大。为正确引导其健康发展,国家出台了很多相关的政策法规。民间资本对我国的经济发展有着重要的作用,其中,民间资本进入金融领域,发挥其灵活、多样的特点,既有利于经济发展,也有利于其自身的壮大。本文分析了松原市民间资本在金融领域的发展现状及特点,指出了存在的问题,并针对问题提出了对策建议。     

不完全契约在民营企业财务管理中的应用

民营企业在产权、融资、分配以及信息方面存在的问题是阻碍企业发展的瓶颈,明晰产权、建立完善的内部控制制度,完善信用担保体系、管理信息化等措施,对降低契约不完全性具有一定的指导意义.     

新形势下职校辅导员工作路径

当前,90后职校生已经成为职业学校的主要群体。心理发展的基本特征与存在问题,职校辅导员工作需要树立正确的学生观,寻求积极的职业教育对策,因势利导,因材施教,充分发掘他们的心理潜能,发挥他们的个性特长,坚持促进职校生学会学习与学会做人的和谐统一,让职校生的心理世界充满阳光。     

探析新型工业化与民营经济科技创新的互动效应——以浙江为例

新型工业化与传统工业化具有截然不同的发展思维,新型工业化与传统工业化形成的剧烈反差将激发民营企业的创新动力。民营经济的科技创新凝结了以科技为核心的生产要素,开拓了一条向技术、人才、管理争效益的路径。顺应新型工业化与民营经济科技创新的互动机理,需要分析互动的环境因素、夯实互动基础以激活互动效应。     

Appraising and Evaluating PFI for NHS Hospitals

This paper explores the use of appraisal in the development of proposals to use private finance to provide acute hospitals under the Private Finance Initiative (PFI). It addresses the extent to which value for money (VFM) and affordability (which must be satisfied to enable a scheme to be approved) are demonstrated in the documents prepared by hospital Trusts. It identifies a number of issues (such as the transfer of risk and the development of public sector comparators) that pose new problems for investment appraisal, which are specific to its application to PFI.     

试论民间借贷中借出方权益的自我保护

民间借贷是指公民与公民之间、公民与法人以及其他经济组织之间的借贷,是具有广泛群众性和深远传统性的信用补偿机制."民间借贷"不同于"非法集资",合法的民间借贷是受国家法律保护的,民间借贷在社会经济活动中不可或缺.但是,由于民间借贷具有自发性、随意性、风险性,一旦遇到情况变化,非常容易引发纠纷,造成诸多社会问题.因此,公民在出借资金时应注意保护自身的合法权益,以避免不必要的借贷纠纷发生,使民间借贷活动在社会经济发展中发挥其应有的积极作用.     

The emergence of the 'accountant' in the institutions of Ancient Egypt

This paper examines the emergence of, and the roles played by accountants in some of the institutions of ancient Egypt. The paper documents evidence relating to the importance of the scribal occupation compared to other occupations available to the young Egyptians, and traces the emergence and functioning of scribal schools in which the pupils learned how to read and write and how to master numerical skills. Thereafter, the paper provides some illustrative examples of the diverse activities of the scribes in accounting for both the public (state) and private economic domains. The paper argues that right from the dawn of the dynastic era in Egypt (3000 B.C.) by dint of placing themselves at the centre of economic relations, the scribes (accountants) were among the most esteemed in society and the scribal occupation was one of the most prestigious occupations. The paper also argues that accounting then, just as it remains today, held a central position in the economic, social and political settings throughout the long and illustrious history of ancient Egypt.     

浅析我国民营企业的可持续发展战略

改革开放以来,民营企业得到了大力发展,在国民经济发展中起到越来越重要的作用.但由于民营企业内外因素的影响,还存在一定的问题,影响了民营企业进一步的发展,本文就民营企业的现状、地位作用和发展问题进行研究,探求未来民营企业的发展对策.