整体偏好次序下个体偏好次序的变化研究

研究整体偏好次序和个体偏好次序的关系发现,当整体中的个体具有学习能力和理性时.个体为了自身的稳定存在和发展,其偏好次序会自发地向整体偏好次序趋同.     

Probabilistic Models for Bacterial Taxonomy

We give a survey of different partitioning methods that have been applied to bacterial taxonomy. We introduce a theoretical framework, which makes it possible to treat the various models in a unified way. The key concepts of our approach are prediction and storing of microbiological information in a Bayesian forecasting setting. We show that there is a close connection between classification and probabilistic identification and that, in fact, our approach ties these two concepts together in a coherent way.     

中国上市公司资本结构的选择——基于两种主要理论的检验

本文使用中国的数据对西方理论界解释企业资本结构选择的两个主要理论——平衡理论和优序理论进行检验。我们发现：无论是平衡理论还是优序理论都不能单独地解释中国企业资本结构的选择。中国企业向目标资本结构调整的速度比较慢，不足以说明企业有一个明确的资本结构偏好并向之不断调整。同时，中国企业未表现出与优序理论预期的在外源融资方面先债务后股权的顺序．股权融资在企业的外源融资中占有很大比例。由于我国资本市场尤其是企业债券市场发展还不太成熟．企业的法人治理结构与外国不尽相同，因此影响企业资本结构选择的因素跟外国成熟市场相比存在较大的差异。本文研究结果表明中国上市公司的资本结构反映的可能是经营者在特定财务状况下的相机选择．同时在很大程度上又是诸多外界制约因素共同作用的结果。     

中国国内服务贸易规则体系完善的建议

随着互联网、大数据的发展,国际服务贸易在全球价值链中的地位日益提升,与货物贸易一并构成两大贸易支柱。GATS作为第一部世界服务贸易框架性规则,对服务贸易的发展和顺畅运行做出了巨大贡献,但是其保护程度和开放程度已逐渐难以适应当前服务贸易的发展。多哈回合的停滞不前导致CPTPP等大型自由贸易协定相继产生,使得国际服务贸易规则有了进一步发展。中国服务贸易规则体系是中国调整国际服务贸易关系的法律集合,作为国际贸易法的国内渊源,中国国内服务贸易规则对于适应服务贸易发展现状和衔接国际服务贸易规则有着重要作用,本文即是通过分析国内服务贸易规则的现状及不足,并在借鉴CPTPP的基础上,提出建议。     

深圳经济特区:中国对外经济政策的窗口——以深圳作为中国对外经济政策窗口作用论述为中心

邓小平关于经济特区是中国"对外政策的窗口"的著名论断,其完整的内涵表现在:经济特区是中国反对霸权主义和强权政治的窗口;经济特区是中国维护世界和平的窗口;经济特区是加强中国同第三世界的团结和合作的窗口.不能简单地把经济特区定义和解释为"对外开放的窗口",在和平与发展为主题的国际大背景下,改革开放以来的深圳经济特区,一直发挥着中国对外政策尤其是对外经济政策窗口的作用.     

Rules of origin and exports in developing economies: The case of garment products

Relaxing restrictive rules of origin (ROO) in preferential market access can promote exports in developing economies by improving input sourcing flexibility, but actual ROO impacts remain an empirical question. This paper examines the European Union’s trade preferences, where origin requirements for knit and woven garment products were relaxed for beneficiaries in the Interim Economic Partnership Agreements (IEPA) from 2008 and for those in the Everything But Arms (EBA) scheme from 2011, respectively. The results show that ROO liberalization had little aggregate impact on knit and woven garment exports in IEPA beneficiaries, but increased the export values of woven garments in EBA beneficiaries by 36.3% during the post-period. Among EBA beneficiaries, duty-free imports of woven garments from Bangladesh and Cambodia into the EU increased sharply after ROO liberalization. These countries increased imported fabric from China, consistent with the theoretical prediction of ROO impacts. Thus, the impact of ROO on exports is heterogeneous across products and countries.     

Application of the Reporting Entity Concept in Australia

For decades, the reporting entity concept has been the foundation of differential reporting in Australia. Those entities classified as ‘reporting entities’ are, prima facie, required to produce full GAAP‐based financial reports while other (non‐reporting) entities are generally able to produce less complex and shorter ‘special purpose’ financial reports. In recent years, the application of the concept, as originally set out in the Statement of Accounting Concepts (SAC) 1 Definition of the Reporting Entity, has been criticized on several grounds—particularly, that it does not yield the reporting outcomes originally intended by regulators. Our analysis of 1,546 companies lodging financial statements with the corporate regulator in Australia (ASIC) shows the principles‐based criteria in SAC 1, designed to indicate the existence of a reporting entity, do not systematically explain its application by entities. Our findings are relevant for policy makers, researchers, and regulators concerned with how these choices might be more effectively regulated in future and whether this is best done through principles‐based or rules‐based approaches.     

The economics of rules of origin

Rules of origin of free trade arrangements limit the use of inputs from outside the preferential trade zone. A government negotiating a future FTAcan manipulate these rules in order to achieve national welfare objectives. The correct definition of rules of origin may help to enhance demand for domestically produced goods, promote national technological development, and maximize labour income. This paper proves that a more stringent rule of origin implies an increase of demand for the domestic factor if the substitution effect prevails over the effects caused by the decrease of the scale of operation in the domestic plant, and the reallocation of output between domestic and foreign plants. We further show that policy decisions regarding rules of origin that intertemporally maximize welfare and foster domestic technological evolution should be made at the greatest level of disaggregation that is feasible.     

论金融衍生品投资者适当性制度

目前国内在金融衍生品市场已初步建立起了投资者适当性制度,且已取得一定实效。但这一法律制度在具体规则的制订和实施中仍缺乏明确的定位,存在不少问题。因此不能过于依赖这一制度,而应通过这一制度的认真实施和不断改进,并结合其它制度而逐步建立起完善的投资者法律保护体制,从而形成一套既合理可行又不断完善的法律制度体系,能够坚实有力地促进衍生品市场的稳步和可持续的发展,进而推动整个金融经济的全面健康发展。