Questions about Change over Time in Cross-Cultural Organizational Research

Conceptually, the phenomena of interest in many organizational research questions are in fact about changes and processes that unfold in various ways over time. Unfortunately, longitudinal studies that explicitly assess change over time is generally lacking in organizational research and virtually absent in cross-cultural organizational research. The large majority of the literature on cross-cultural measurement in organizational research is focused exclusively on cross-sectional data, addressing cross-cultural differences in measurement and constructs without examining the temporal dimension of measurement and constructs. This article explicates nine fundamental questions about change over time and applies them to the study of changes over time in cross-cultural organizational research.     

Optimal versus orthogonal and equivalent-estimation design of blocked and split-plot experiments

This article provides an overview of the recent literature on the design of blocked and split-plot experiments with quantitative experimental variables. A detailed literature study introduces the ongoing debate between an optimal design approach to constructing blocked and split-plot designs and approaches where the equivalence of ordinary least squares and generalized least squares estimates are envisaged. Examples where the competing design strategies lead to totally different designs are given, as well as examples in which the optimal experimental designs are orthogonally blocked or equivalent-estimation split-plot designs.     

Pensions for Singles and Couples

Retirement policies often seek to set pensions at levels that enable single and married pensioners to have the same standard of living. The existing literature on consumer equivalence scales provides little assistance in reaching this policy objective, as the estimated scales are both imprecise and reliant upon strong and opaque assumptions. This paper proposes an alternative modeling strategy which has low data requirements and involves the use of detailed, but transparent, assumptions about the extent of joint consumption of particular commodities. These assumptions are embedded in an economic model of household consumption and combined with household expenditure data to calculate consumer equivalence scales. It is estimated that, in 2003–04, Australian couples of Age Pension age who owned their own home needed expenditures between 1.32 and 1.60 times that of a single person. These scales were lower than those used in the pension system.     

翻译中民族色彩词汇的处理方法

语言作为文化的载体,反映着民族独特的文化传统,在翻译过程中往往会出现文化冲突现象。要使译文 既能保持原有的民族特色,又能被他国读者所理解接受,通常译者采用等值保留法、差值补注法、差值舍去法来处理 翻译中的民族色彩问题。     

英汉互译中的等值翻译

等值翻译理论强调译文和原文在表达上应达到等值效果 ,符合语言本身的要求。在英汉互译过程中我们可以通过直译、意译、概念转换和代换等方法来达到等值翻译 ,实现两种语言间的交流。     

Large economies and two-player games

We characterize the core and the competitive allocations of a continuum economy as strong Nash equilibria of an associated game with only two players.     

Epistemic equivalence of extended belief hierarchies

In this paper, we introduce a notion of epistemic equivalence between hierarchies of conditional beliefs and hierarchies of lexicographic beliefs, thus extending the standard equivalence results of Halpern (2010) and Brandenburger et al. (2007) to an interactive setting, and we show that there is a Borel surjective function, mapping each conditional belief hierarchy to its epistemically equivalent lexicographic belief hierarchy. Then, using our equivalence result we construct a terminal type space model for lexicographic belief hierarchies. Finally, we show that whenever we restrict attention to full-support beliefs, epistemic equivalence between a lexicographic belief hierarchy and a conditional belief hierarchy implies that an arbitrary Borel event is commonly assumed under the lexicographic belief hierarchy if and only if it is commonly strongly believed under the conditional belief hierarchy. This is the first result in the literature directly linking common assumption in rationality (Brandenburger et al., 2008) with common strong belief in rationality (Battigalli and Siniscalchi, 2002).     

Indivisibilities in the Ricardian model of trade

The idea that goods or factors of production may not be perfectly divisible has important implications for many areas of economics. This paper introduces both types of indivisibilities into the standard Ricardian model of international trade. Indivisibilities give rise to new results compared to the standard model with perfectly divisible goods and factors of production. Both types of indivisibility may result in complete specialisation even in autarky, while goods indivisibility may result in (ex ante) identical consumers consuming different bundles of goods, and hence enjoying different levels of welfare. Both types of indivisibilities lead to efficiency losses relative to the perfectly divisible case. International trade may eliminate efficiency losses resulting from indivisibility in the factors of production, but not those resulting from goods indivisibility. This suggests that the presence of indivisibilities leads to a second-best world, with the consequent implications for policy. The results of the paper are consistent with existing empirical evidence.     

大跨径钢桥面粘弹性沥青铺装层温度应力求解

建立了大跨径钢桥面铺装层温度应力计算模型,并导出了该模型温度应力计算方法;引入沥青材料的松弛模量和时温等效性,推导出钢桥面粘弹性沥青铺装层温度应力计算式,最后应用该方法求解了某大跨径钢桥面铺装层在变温作用下的温度应力．     

从英汉语言文化差异看翻译的相对等值

由于英汉语言和文化的差异,翻译存在着超额和欠额现象。译文不可能达到原文绝对对等的信息。绝对等值的翻译是不可能的,只能求得翻译近似的等值。