The path to outcome delivery: Interplay of service market strategy and open business models

Firms in a variety of manufacturing sectors as well as the software industry have increasingly embraced services alongside their product portfolios in order to improve financial performance. Yet, the key question “How do service market strategy change and the accompanying business model change interact, and how does their interplay affect value creation?” remains open. Relying on twelve case studies of firms that have shifted towards providing highly advanced services (e.g. outcome-based contracts), theoretical propositions concerning the interplay of market strategy and business model on value creation are derived. The firms studied report two interdependent changes: first, they evolve the market strategy from provision of pure products to provision of services and then outcomes, in order to achieve a better fit with customer needs and to grow their service businesses. Second, they rely increasingly on partners and suppliers to provide new activities that are outside their competence base. This 'open business model' allows them to grow their new service businesses effectively and efficiently. At the same time, however, the shift to a service market strategy requires enhanced accountability to customers and increases the threat of penalties in the case of failure, while reliance on partners and suppliers leads to loss of control over the activity system and increases the threat of failure due to third party dependency. Thus, this paper finds that the success of firms that shift to services and outcomes hinges on their ability to balance the trade-off between increased value (i.e. growth, efficiency and effectiveness) and increased uncertainty associated with service market strategy/open business model interplay.     

制造业嵌入式服务化促进了企业创新吗——创新数量与质量视角

制造业嵌入式服务化是制造业服务化转型的主导路径,对制造业高质量发展具有重要作用。基于制造业嵌入式服务化对企业创新的影响机理分析,采用2008—2018年中国制造业上市公司嵌入式服务化数据与专利数据,实证检验制造业嵌入式服务化对企业创新数量、创新质量的影响效应与作用机制,结果表明：制造业现代服务嵌入对企业创新数量和创新质量具有提升效应,传统服务嵌入仅对创新数量具有促进作用;制造业嵌入式服务化创新效应具有行业异质性和发展阶段异质性特征,传统制造业和成长期企业能够从服务化转型中获益更多。中介机制检验结果表明,制造业嵌入式服务化主要通过调整企业要素结构和优化企业创新行为影响企业创新表现。其中,创新要素投入和探索性创新是主要作用渠道。     

数字化转型“同群效应”与企业高质量发展——基于制造业上市公司的经验证据

在数字经济时代,数字化转型正成为微观经济主体实现高质量发展的必由之路。以2010-2020年A股制造业上市公司数据为样本,基于同群效应视角,探讨数字化转型与制造企业高质量发展关系。研究发现,数字化转型存在显著的行业同群效应与地区同群效应,且二者通过不同路径推动制造企业高质量发展。其中,数字化转型行业同群效应有利于增强制造企业创新能力,而地区同群效应则会加深制造企业服务化程度。进一步研究发现,行业竞争度和市场化程度分别对数字化转型行业同群效应、地区同群效应与制造企业高质量发展关系产生倒U型调节效应。研究结论对揭示企业数字化转型决策逻辑,厘清不同类别数字种群环境对制造企业高质量发展的影响路径差异,促进制造企业高质量发展提供了经验证据。     

Exploring the financial consequences of the servitization of manufacturing

Commentators suggest that to survive in developed economies manufacturing firms have to move up the value chain, innovating and creating ever more sophisticated products and services, so they do not have to compete on the basis of cost. While this strategy is proving increasingly popular with policy makers and academics there is limited empirical evidence to explore the extent to which it is being adopted in practice. And if so, what the impact of this servitization of manufacturing might be. This paper seeks to fill a gap in the literature by presenting empirical evidence on the range and extent of servitization. Data are drawn from the OSIRIS database on 10,028 firms incorporated in 25 different countries. The paper presents an analysis of these data which suggests that: [i] manufacturing firms in developed economies are adopting a range of servitization strategies—12 separate approaches to servitization are identified; [ii] these 12 categories can be used to extend the traditional three options for servitization—product oriented Product–Service Systems, use oriented Product–Service Systems and result oriented Product–Service Systems, by adding two new categories “integration oriented Product–Service Systems” and “service oriented Product–Service Systems”; [iii] while the manufacturing firms that have servitized are larger than traditional manufacturing firms in terms of sales revenues, at the aggregate level they also generate lower profits as a % of sales; [iv] these findings are moderated by firm size (measured in terms of numbers of employees). In smaller firms servitization appears to pay off while in larger firms it proves more problematic; and [v] there are some hidden risks associated with servitization—the sample contains a greater proportion of bankrupt servitized firms than would be expected.

中国产业国际竞争力的动态变化分析

研究目标：准确度量中国在全球生产网络下的产业国际竞争力。研究方法：利用贸易增加值前向分解法,并基于区分贸易类型的Tiva投入产出数据,重新估算1995~2011年中国16个制造行业和15个服务行业的显示性比较优势（RCA）及其动态变化情况。研究发现：传统统计方法以及贸易增加值后向分解法都高估了中国纺织服装、皮革鞋类与机电等传统优势产业的出口竞争优势,却低估了部分资本、技术密集型产品和服务出口的国际竞争力。研究创新：从生产要素投入价值的角度考查中国各产业的贸易出口额。研究价值：客观评估中国产业出口的国际竞争力水平。     

装备制造业服务化协作网络类型与特征分析

制造业服务化需要企业建立相应的协作网络。针对制造业服务化的不同阶段,装备制造业服务化协作网络可以划分为基于价值链的协作网络和基于解决方案的协作网络两种类型。在基于价值链的协作网络中,装备制造企业网络中心度高,网络范围较小,且以强关系为主,稳定性较强。在基于解决方案的协作网络中,装备制造企业等核心企业网络中心度高,客户成为网络中的核心成员,网络范围逐步扩大,新增网络成员异质性高且以弱关系为主,稳定性较差。装备制造企业在服务化过程中需要结合自身实际推动协作网络的发展和演化。     

基于服务化和智能制造融合的工业企业商业模式创新研究

服务化和智能制造代表需求拉动和技术推动两种创新模式,是工业企业战略布局的重要方向,然而对二者间联系及融合界面缺乏清晰理解。基于商业模式创新视角,将服务化和智能制造概念结合,明确二者的融合界面,并依据服务化和数字化水平两维度,确定二者融合的九种组合架构,借助文献案例进行示例及说明,进而讨论了实施复杂度差异性。该研究深化了服务化和智能制造融合的规律认知,可为管理者的商业模式创新决策提供参考。     

Entry mode diversity and closing commercial deals with international customers: The moderating role of advanced servitization

As the importance of servitization and service-augmented solution delivery grows into a mainstream phenomenon for manufacturers, offering theoretically founded avenues to solve their specific internationalization challenges is necessary. The study addresses the internationalization paradox faced by servitized manufacturers generated by the specific hybrid nature of their product-service offering. As such, this research is meant to understand the entry mode diversity for the internationalization of advanced servitization providers. Our primary research deal-level data follows 1885 potential sales negotiations for servitized products closed in 2018 by a Poland-based multinational high-tech optics firm offering product-service systems. The results of the study support the idea that manufacturers of advanced servitization could benefit from the implementation of entry mode diversity. It is found that the sales deal success when entry mode diversity is implemented in a foreign market is positively moderated when knowledge-intensive advanced servitization is included in the negotiation.     

工业机器人应用促进了“两业融合”发展吗?——来自中国制造企业投入服务化的证据

本文利用微观企业数据和区分中国贸易方式的投入产出表,测算了高度细化的企业投入服务化指标,进而考察了工业机器人应用对制造业和服务业“两业融合”的影响。结果表明,工业机器人应用显著促进了中国制造企业的服务增加值率,然而这一促进效应更多是通过推动企业使用国外服务、抑制企业使用国内服务实现的。异质性分析显示,工业机器人应用对“两业融合”的影响主要集中在加工贸易企业、东部地区企业、外资和港澳台企业、劳动密集型和技术密集型企业。从作用机制看,工业机器人应用对“两业融合”的影响主要通过促进技术创新、延长生产链条和提高生产效率来实现,而人力资本投资则存在一定的负向替代作用。最后,本文还讨论了工业机器人应用影响“两业融合”中的“要素替代效应”和“行业扩散效应”。本文结论表明,工业机器人应用对“两业融合”的影响并非是“局部性”的,有必要统筹协调相关政策和制度,更好地促进现代产业体系的加快构建和中国经济的高质量发展。