Trade Liberalization and Environmental Taxation in Federal Systems

The literature on trade liberalization and environment has not yet considered federal structures. In this paper, we show how the design of environmental policy in a federal system has implications for the effects of trade reform. Trade liberalization leads to a decline in pollution taxes, regardless of whether pollution taxes are set at the federal (centralized) or local (decentralized) level, and it increases social welfare. The effect under a decentralized system is smaller than if these taxes are set by the federal government, and pollution emissions therefore decline in this case. Moreover, majority bias interacts with trade liberalization if federal taxes are used.     

Identifying terms of trade shocks in a developing country using a sign restrictions approach

Using annual data for Botswana from 1960 to 2012, we examine the responses of macroeconomic variables to four generalized positive terms of trade shocks – global demand, globalizing, sector-specific and global supply. A sign-restricted structural vector autoregression model with a penalty function is estimated to identify the four possible shocks. While positive global demand and globalization shocks are both expansionary, they have opposite effects on inflation. A positive commodity market specific shock dampens real GDP growth and is inflationary, suggesting a possible Dutch disease response. A negative global supply shock suppresses both output growth and inflation. All but the last shock leads to a significant declining interest rate. Monetary policy contraction is recommended for the first shock and expansion for the others.     

我国西部地区贸易对环境污染影响的分析——基于西部地区省际面板数据的检验

选取2000-2008年西部地区十一个省、直辖市和自治区的贸易与环境相关数据,利用面板数据模型对西部地区贸易对环境污染的影响进行实证分析,研究结果表明规模效应和贸易开放度的增加加剧了西部地区的环境污染,结构效应和环境政策则减少了西部地区的环境污染,而技术效应对西部地区环境污染的影响不显著。     

中国对拉美国家出口贸易影响因素实证分析——基于总量与技术结构视角

本文首先通过计算中国对拉美七国四类制成品出口密集度等,分析中国对拉美地区制成品出口结构;通过考察中国和拉美七国生产要素结构变化情况对中拉要素禀赋差异作深入分析,以期探究中国对拉美制成品出口结构背后深层次原因。然后构建扩展引力模型分别从总量视角和技术结构视角探析中国对拉美货物出口主要影响因素,结果显示拉美国家国内生产总值、中拉要素禀赋差异、中国货币自由度、中国对拉美直接投资水平对中国向拉美出口总量均产生显著促进作用,各影响因素对不同技术类别制成品出口的作用效果存在差异性。为实现中国对拉美出口贸易结构优化升级,推动中国产业结构调整升级,促进拉美地区经济更快发展,研究有针对性地提出了对策建议。     

欧美行业协会应对国际贸易争端机制及其启示

在WTO体制下,行业协会在反倾销等国际贸易争端中发挥着十分重要的作用。由于种种原因,我国行业协会在国际贸易争端中未能充分发挥其应有作用。为此,研究、借鉴发达国家行业协会处理国际贸易争端等方面的经验,对我国行业协会在国际贸易争端中的发挥作用具有现实意义。如行业自律及价格协调、建立反倾销预警系统、代表行业作为反倾销申诉的申请人、协助企业对外应诉、提供贸易信息和贸易事务服务等。     

Pollution Control in Open Economies: Implications of Within-period Interactions for Dynamic Game Equilibrium

This paper examines a two-country, dynamic game model of pollution control in the presence of economic interactions between countries within a period, as well as the environmental interaction between periods (i.e., a change in the stock of global pollution). These economic interactions emerge because of changes in the terms of trade of polluting goods or the market share of domestic polluting industries. It is shown that if within-period externalities exist, a noncooperative equilibrium may result in a smaller stock of global pollution in the steady state than does international cooperation. Moreover, the properties of equilibrium paths depend on the direction and size of such externalities. In addition, trigger strategy equilibria that achieve the outcome of the collusive solution are examined.     

Competing Industrial Standards and the Impact of Trade Liberalization

The main purpose of this study is to illustrate, with simple trade theory, the relationship between competing industrial standards and trade liberalization. We assume that there are two competing industrial standards in an international context, each of which applies to a group of differentiated products. A product can be used only in combination with other products based on the same industrial standard. We examine the impact of trade liberalization (i.e., a decline in trade costs) on consumers’ choice of a standard. It will be shown that the degree of indirect network effects, captured with substitution between differentiated products, plays an important role as a determinant of the impact of trade liberalization.     

产品内贸易、技术创新与中国企业可持续发展

在科技革命和经济全球化的共同作用下，特别是随着FDI的增长和跨国公司的全球布点，传统意义上的以商品贸易为基础的国际分工正在被打破，国际分工逐步深入到企业内部，分工方式由产业间分工向产业内部产品分工和要素分工延伸。本文以当前新贸易现象为实践基础，以贸易分工理论为理论基础，初步构建产品内贸易的理论模型及其利益分配机制，从产品内分工视角分析产品内贸易模式对发展中国家贸易条件的影响，并认为中国企业应该在国际分工价值链上进行攀升，进行技术创新，提升在国际贸易中的地位，化比较优势为竞争优势，实现企业的可持续发展。     

中国大陆对外经济联系的空间格局

开放条件下,以沿海发达地区为核心的发展格局逐渐形成,在对外经济联系中,这种格局进一步强化,东部沿海地区在对外开放中的地位更加突出.以大连、天津、上海和广州、深圳为龙头,由沿海至内地形成多条对外联系轴线.根据各地对外联系的主要方向,全国基本形成东北区、黄河流域区、长江流域区和华南区四大对外经济联系区.