Distinctive Features of Environmental Innovators: An Econometric Analysis

This paper analyzes the main determinants influencing environmental innovators (i.e. firms developing or adopting environmental innovations) in Spain with respect to non‐environmental innovators. Similarly to other contributions in the literature, our results show that Spanish environmental innovators respond to regulatory stimulus in the form of demand‐pull and technology‐push instruments. They have a high internal technological capability and combine internal and external information sources, mostly in cooperation with knowledge institutions. Environmental innovators are more concentrated in mature, traditionally highly polluting sectors, but new firms are not more environmentally innovative than incumbents. Most importantly, in contrast to other environmental innovation studies, mostly carried out in a German context, we have not found evidence of a market pull from either the domestic or international markets. Furthermore, cost savings are not found to be a distinctive driver for environmental innovators. These differential results are possibly related to the special features of Spain regarding its national innovation system and the degree of stringency of environmental regulation and environmental consciousness of its consumers. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.     

Adoption of Multiple Sustainable Agricultural Practices in Rural Ethiopia

The adoption and diffusion of sustainable agricultural practices (SAPs) has become an important issue in the development‐policy agenda for sub‐Saharan Africa, especially as a way to tackle land degradation, low agricultural productivity and poverty. However, the adoption rates of SAPs remain below expected levels. This study analyses the factors that facilitate or impede the probability and level of adoption of interrelated SAPs, using recent data from multiple plot‐level observations in rural Ethiopia. Multivariate and ordered probit models are applied to the modelling of adoption decisions by farm households facing multiple SAPs, which can be adopted in various combinations. The results show that there is a significant correlation between SAPs, suggesting that adoptions of SAPs are interrelated. The analysis further shows that both the probability and the extent of adoption of SAPs are influenced by many factors: a household’s trust in government support, credit constraints, spouse education, rainfall and plot‐level disturbances, household wealth, social capital and networks, labour availability, plot and market access. These results imply that policy‐makers and development practitioners should seek to strengthen local institutions and service providers, maintain or increase household asset bases and establish and strengthen social protection schemes in order to improve the adoption of SAPs.     

产军协同、政府科技支持与技术创新效率研究

运用空间数据分析方法,检验产军协同、政府科技支持与技术创新效率在我国省域间的分布格局。研究表明,三者均存在显著的正向空间相关性,即正向空间溢出效应,并且在不同地区形成局部空间集聚,存在高低非均衡的“俱乐部”现象。基于空间误差模型和空间滞后模型,实证检验产军协同、政府科技支持对技术创新效率的影响。结果发现,从全国和分地区看,产军协同、政府科技支持均能够显著促进技术创新效率提升,并且二者存在显著的交互作用,能够发挥彼此间的互补效应,进一步促进技术创新效率提升;不同地区产军协同、政府科技支持对技术创新效率的影响程度存在较大差异,西部地区产军协同、政府科技支持对技术创新效率的促进作用比东部和中部地区显著。     

考虑吸收能力的区域创新多维溢出效应

合理利用区域创新的空间溢出效应和价值链溢出效应,有助于区域创新发展与创新效率提升,而对区域创新溢出效应的利用程度则受其吸收能力影响。将创新过程分为知识创新阶段和产品创新阶段,利用Network Slacks-based Measure模型计算全国内地30个省域两阶段创新效率,将吸收能力引入空间溢出效应和价值链溢出效应对创新效率影响的研究中,并构建空间计量模型,检验吸收能力对知识创新效率和产品创新效率的影响。结果发现,空间溢出效应在部分年份显著,省域间没有形成稳定的空间关联关系;空间溢出效应显著时,提升吸收能力对知识创新效率和产品创新效率均有促进作用;价值链溢出效应不显著或者存在负向影响,创新过程两阶段相对独立,此时提高吸收能力对知识创新效率和产品创新效率提高没有显著作用,甚至具有负向影响。     

Spatial welfare economics versus ecological footprint: modeling agglomeration,externalities and trade

A welfare framework for the analysis of the spatial dimensions of sustainability is developed. It covers agglomeration effects, interregional trade, negative environmental externalities, and various land use categories. The model is used to compare rankings of spatial configurations according to evaluations based on social welfare and ecological footprint indicators. Five spatial configurations are considered for this purpose. The exercise is operationalized with the help of a two-region model of the economy, that is, in line with the ‘new economic geography.’ By generating a number of numerical ‘counter-examples,’ it is shown that the footprint method is inconsistent with an approach aimed at maximum social welfare. Unless environmental externalities are such a large problem that they overwhelm all other components of economic well-being, a ‘spatial welfare economic’ approach delivers totally different rankings of alternative land use configurations than the ecological footprint.      

地区专业化的度量

在封闭经济假设和地区间需求结构一致假设下,本文构造了地区专业化的度量指标——地区专业化系数;这一度量指标更具一般性,产业结构差异系数、空间分布差异系数、绝对利差及行业分工指数等指标只是作为它的特例而存在。在讨论地区专业化问题时,如果忽略地区的(或行业的)相对规模因素,除了犯有逻辑推理错误外,在实践中还存在着可能得出错误判断的倾向。本文发现:中国工业的地区专业化水平自20世纪80年代中后期以来有了较大程度的提高;如果忽略地区的(或行业的)相对规模因素来讨论中国工业的地区专业化问题,则会高估中国工业的地区专业化水平。     

大都市郊区小城镇的经济地域类型及其空间分异探析——以北京市为例

本文致力于探析京郊小城镇的经济地域类型及其发展的动力机制,综合运用了H.J.纳尔逊的城镇职能分类方法和区位商法,从三次产业的产值结构和从业结构出发,将京郊183个小城镇划分为四大类型。基于GIS的空间分析功能,进一步探讨了京郊四大类小城镇的空间分布规律和演变趋势,结果发现这四大类小城镇的核心—外围空间格局十分明显,有着各自不同的功能定位和演进机理。基于此,为不同类型的小城镇制定了不同的发展策略,以便为今后不同类型的小城镇开展分类规划指导提供科学依据。     

京津冀区域经济协调发展的时空差异分析

本文选取了京津冀1985—2007年的时间序列数据,和目前三地172个区县的人均GDP数据,对京津冀区域内部经济发展的时空差异进行分析。研究认为,在经济发展时间差异方面,以1992年为节点呈现前后分异,在此之前,三地水平大致相当,在此之后,三地经济逐渐拉开差距;经济总量的位次由高至低依次为河北、北京、天津。在经济发展空间差异方面,区域内部经济增长空间分布不均衡,主要表现为北京、天津高于河北省;东部地区、西南地区高于北部、西北和东南地区。在此基础上探讨了京津冀区域经济协调发展时空差异的影响因素,并提出了相应的政策建议。     

中国绿色创新指数的分布动态演进与区域差异

研究目标:编制中国绿色创新指数,考察各区域指数的分布动态、区域差异及空间收敛特征。研究方法:建立绿色创新指数评价体系、采用时空极差熵权法赋权指标,利用世界知识产权组织绿色专利清单在线检索工具和采用爬虫技术检索、匹配、汇总国家知识产权局绿色专利数据,采用社会网络分析法(Social Network Analysis, SNA)测度绿色技术创新辐射力,采用Kernel估计分析绿色创新分布动态演进,采用Dagum基尼系数分解东中西绿色创新空间差距来源,采用空间杜宾模型考察绿色创新空间β条件收敛特征。研究发现:我国整体及东中西各地区绿色创新水平均呈总体上升趋势,源于绿色技术创新能力、绿色技术创新辐射力与绿色创新制度支撑力三者“携手并进”;绿色创新水平较高的城市集中分布于经济发达地区并具有较高行政级别特征,北京、深圳、上海、广州及主要省会城市稳居前列;我国整体及东中西地区核密度图均呈现“曲线右移、峰值先升后降、宽度收窄后扩大”的特征;东中西区域内部及区域间差异均呈逐渐下降趋势;绿色创新存在空间β条件收敛效应,且俱乐部收敛特征也较为显著,但在不同空间权重矩阵、不同地区样本中收敛速度存在差异。研究创...     

中国经济双循环耦合协调度分布动态、空间差异及收敛性研究

研究目标:测算1999～2019年中国经济“内循环”与“外循环”耦合协调度的实际水平并分析其分布动态、空间差异及收敛性。研究方法:耦合协调度模型、Kernel密度估计、Dagum基尼系数及其分解法和β收敛模型。研究发现:考察期内,中国经济“内循环”与“外循环”之间的耦合协调度呈现稳定的上升趋势,但总体水平仍然较低,地区异质性、时间阶段性特征明显;空间差异持续扩大,主要来源是区域间差异;正空间相关关系持续而稳定;全国及四大地区经济双循环耦合协调度存在显著的绝对β收敛和条件β收敛过程,不同地区耦合协调度收敛位置的影响因素各不相同。研究创新:测算了中国经济双循环耦合协调度水平并分析其时空演进规律与收敛性。研究价值:对于总体把握我国经济双循环发展规律,因地制宜,精准施策,加快构建双循环新发展格局具有积极的现实意义。