家庭旅馆业的发展——以桂林龙脊梯田风景区为例

随着大众旅游的兴起 ,家庭旅馆在我国部分地区尤其是边远贫困地区的旅游经济中发挥着越来越重要的作用 ,甚至受到了许多旅游城市的重视。本文从实际案例出发 ,着重分析了家庭旅馆发展的特点和问题 ,以求对我国家庭旅馆业有一个客观、全面的基本认识     

Backup strategy for robots’ failures in an automotive assembly system

Automotive assembly lines are often characterized by robots’ failures that may result in stoppages of the lines and manual backup of tasks. The phenomena tend to impair throughput rate and products’ quality. This paper presents a backup strategy in which working robots perform tasks of failed robots. The proposed Mixed-Integer Linear-Programming based approach minimizes the throughput loss by utilizing the robots’ redundancy in the system. Two algorithms are developed to comply with stochastic conditions of a real-world environment. The performance of these algorithms is compared with several heuristics, and the downstream-backup based algorithm is found superior to all other methods.     

Modelling risk premia in CO2 allowances spot and futures prices

This article analyzes the modelling of risk premia in CO₂ allowances spot and futures prices, valid for compliance under the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). Similarly to electricity markets, a salient characteristic of CO₂ allowances is that the theory of storage does not hold, as CO₂ allowances only exist on the balance sheets of companies regulated by the scheme. The main result features positive time-varying risk premia in CO₂ spot and futures prices, which are strictly higher for post-2012 contracts (€6–9/ton of CO₂) than for Phase II contracts (€0–6/ton of CO₂). Contrary to Benth et al.'s (2008) for electricity markets, a positive relationship between risk premia and time-to-maturity is found in the EU ETS. As for relative differences between CO₂ futures and spot prices, CO₂ futures traded between + 1% (December 2008 contract) and + 33% (December 2014 contract) above spot prices during February 2008–April 2009. Contrary to Bessembinder and Lemmon (2002) for the electricity market, a positive relationship between risk premia and the variance/skewness of CO₂ spot prices is found. The futures-spot bias to the EU ETS explains around 1–6% of the variance of CO₂ futures premia.     

Supply chain decisions and coordination in the presence of an imperfect spot market

This study considers a supply chain consisting of a commodity supplier and a final product manufacturer with uncertain demand. In addition to purchasing from the supplier through a forward contract, the manufacturer can adjust their inventory by trading the commodity in an online spot market after observing the actual demand. However, the spot market is imperfect in that transactions cannot be certainly realized and come with additional transaction costs. Furthermore, the spot price is volatile such that overly relying on the spot market is unwise. To investigate how the spot market affects the decisions and coordination in a supply chain, we develop a game-theoretical model incorporating spot trading. We derive the optimal ordering decision in a centralized supply chain, as well as the supplier's and manufacturer's equilibrium pricing and ordering decisions in a decentralized supply chain. The impact of the imperfect spot market on the optimal decisions and profits is analyzed. This study also demonstrates how the supply chain can be coordinated in the presence of an imperfect spot market. Finally, a numerical analysis is performed to examine the analytical results. Our results indicate that the spot market can generally improve the performance of the centralized supply chain and benefit the manufacturer in the decentralized one. However, it can be detrimental to the supplier. The supply chain can be coordinated by a revenue-sharing contract, and both parties' profits can be improved. Our findings suggest that the manufacturer could take advantage of the spot market, and the supplier should attempt to integrate or coordinate the supply chain to share the benefits of spot trading.     

Cointegration and causality among the onshore and offshore markets for China's currency

China has taken steps to develop offshore markets for renminbi trading and to liberalize exchange-rate determination in its onshore market. We examine the interaction between onshore and offshore markets with attention to how the interaction has been affected by widening of the onshore trading band first in April 2012 and further in March 2014. Ties between the onshore and offshore markets were closest before the first band widening and steadily loosened thereafter. We further study the cointegration and lead-lag effects between offshore and onshore spot and forward markets and show that there is a long-term equilibrium relationship between any pair of them. Our results suggest stronger causality running from the spot onshore rate to the spot offshore rate than vice versa. Between the spot and forward markets, there is evidence of bidirectional linear and nonlinear causality, which implies foreign impulses have had an influence on the domestic market.     

Effects of speculation and interest rates in a “carry trade” model of commodity prices

The paper presents and estimates a model of the prices of oil and other storable commodities, a model that can be characterized as reflecting the carry trade. It focuses on speculative factors, here defined as the trade-off between interest rates on the one hand and market participants' expectations of future price changes on the other hand. It goes beyond past research by bringing to bear new data sources: survey data to measure expectations of future changes in commodity prices and options data to measure perceptions of risk. Some evidence is found of a negative effect of interest rates on the demand for inventories and thereby on commodity prices and positive effects of expected future price gains on inventory demand and thereby on today's commodity prices.     

国内外山地旅游景区索道研究综述

由于山地旅游的快速发展,国内外山地旅游景区的索道建设如雨后春笋般出现,对于山地旅游景区索道建设的相关研究也初见端倪：有关于建设索道的优缺点的文章,也有关于索道管理的文章,还有关于索道技术设计等方面的文章。本文精选国内外文献30篇,对近期的研究现状做一个较全面的分析。     

西湖风景区水乐洞声景变迁探析

西湖风景区水乐洞作为南宋临安众多山洞之首,从 古至今因声景而闻名。基于文献古籍阅读,梳理出水乐洞历 史变迁的过程及特点;探究其在不同身份(寺观园林、公共园 林、私家园林)的背景下,以“洗心”“洗耳”闻名的水乐洞 如何从名地发展到名胜之地;研究佛教思想、文人骚客、诗词 歌赋及西湖历史发展与水乐声景变迁的多重关系,为水乐洞现 状声景保护和修复、杭州西湖声景遗产的价值认知与宣传提供 基础依据,同时为中国古典园林声景保护和修复、现代园林声 景营造提供思路和引导。     

水利风景资源休闲生产力评价及提升模式

影响水利风景资源休闲生产力的因素可被概括为美感、舒适感、文化情景、功用状态及旅游休闲需求,基于此构建水利风景资源休闲生产力评价的指标体系,并采用层次分析法确定各项指标的权重。据此对苏州尚湖及沙家浜景区水利风景资源休闲生产力进行对比性分析,结果表明:即使部分指标的影响权重很小,但它们在水利风景资源开发利用中的作用也不能忽视;除自身的自然生态因素之外,知名度及文化魅力对水利风景资源休闲生产力的最终形成有非常重要的影响。因此可采取"全+名+特"的模式来提升水利风景资源的休闲生产力:全面分析影响水利风景资源休闲生产力的各项指标,对水利风景资源的知名度进行客观评价并采取相应提升策略,塑造特色以削减水利风景资源的"可被替代性"。     

连云港滨海旅游存在的问题及对策思考

滨海旅游是沿海城市发展的特色,是海洋经济的重要组成部分。连云港作为江苏省海洋经济发展战略实施的前沿城市,旅游业是其支柱产业之一,目前连云港旅游业发展势头很好,但是如果与相邻日照相比,连云港的旅游业中依然存在一些明显的问题。本文在分析连云港旅游业存在问题及原因的基础上,提出了连云港滨海旅游发展战略的具体思路及实施方法,以提高连云港旅游业的竞争能力。