The Effects of Retail Banner Standardization on the Performance of Global Retailers

Global retailers often face an important decision about the extent to which they should standardize or adapt their retail banners, a choice that the authors refer to as retail banner standardization (RBS). Drawing on the international marketing and retailing literatures, this study investigates how RBS affects the performance of global retailers in a longitudinal sample of 69 global retailers from multiple countries and sectors, across ten years. Findings indicate that the role of banner standardization in the successful performance of global retailers depends on retailer and market-level characteristics. Specifically, the results demonstrate that RBS improves retailer profitability as retailers increase their global penetration and emphasize status-based differentiation. Findings also suggest that banner standardization has stronger effects on profitability as retailers increase their focus on emerging markets and e-commerce. However, the authors also find that while RBS increases profits at low levels of global diversity, this effect becomes non-significant as retailers expand to highly diverse foreign markets. As such, the study provides important implications for global retailers while also filling the gap in banner/brand standardization/adaptation research that lies at the intersection of retailing and international marketing.     

天然气中硫化物分析方法标准比较分析(待续)

天然气中硫化物分析包括总硫、硫化氢、臭味硫化物和其他有机硫化物的分析.从安全、环保和管线、设备腐蚀的角度出发,硫化物含量是需要特别注意和考虑的技术要求.国际标准化组织(ISO)从80年代初开始逐步建立了天然气中硫化物分析方法国际标准,美国材料与试验学会(ASTM)也建立了类似的硫化物分析标准.我国在80年代末建立了天然气中总硫和硫化氢的分析方法国家标准,并分别于1996年和1997年结合多年实施情况和天然气生产需要,对其进行了修订.本文就ISO国际标准、我国国家标准和部分ASTM标准,按总硫、硫化氢、单个硫化物和硫化物特征官能团,从方法适用范围、方法原理、重复性和再现性,以及测定流程等方面对天然气中硫化物分析方法标准进行了比较和简要的介绍,并根据我国天然气工业的实际状况,提出了对硫化物分析方法的采标建议.     

天然气工业标准体系简介

天然气工业的快速发展促使它从石油工业的附属工业中分离出来,成为一种新兴的资金和技术密集型产业,建设天然气标准体系的问题应运而生。国际标准化组织天然气技术委员会（ＩＳＯ／ＴＣ１９３）已形成较为完整的天然气工业标准体系。我国也正在逐步开展该方面的工作。本文从结构、分类、采标程序等方面好我国天然气工业标准体系的特点及与石油工业标准体系的不同之处,并对列入体系表的通用基础标准、产品标准、试验方法标准、性质     

探索新的标准化管理模式充分发挥它的作用

适应企业特点,结合专业实际,做好企业标准化工作应更观念,发挥标准化的市场功能,全面开展标准化工作,按照现代企业制度的要求,建立和完善标准化运行机制,并不断探索新的标准化管理模式。     

企业节约途径研究初探

对于企业节约途径研究,我们不能只关注于企业本身的节约生产,在很大程度上还要考虑政府和公众的参与,这样才能实现企业真正意义上的节约。文章针对这一问题,从政府、企业、公众三个层面对企业的节约途径进行了相关分析,以期对企业的节约途径研究进行全面的探讨。     

从繁复向简单回归:全球金融衍生品市场发展展望

金融危机之后,全球金融衍生品市场经历了下调到反弹的过程。场内市场交易量的放大、买卖价差的收窄,以及OTC市场的未偿付合约名义价值等指标都表明了这一走势。同时,金融衍生品市场也将呈现结构性分化:一是基础性衍生品将成为未来一段时期衍生品发展的主流;二是结构简单、标准化程度高的单一卖方CDS将受欢迎;三是亚太地区金融衍生品市场表现出巨大的潜力。最后,中央交易机制的建立和合约标准化的加强都将成为金融衍生品监管的趋势。     

对我国饭店实施定制化服务的探析

本文运用赫兹伯格双因素理论的管理思想,根据我国饭店的实际处境,分别从理论和实际两方面论述我国饭店从标准化服务转化为定制化服务的必要性和可行性;着重阐述了这些饭店在实施定制化服务过程中应具备的基本条件和需注意的基本问题。     

Optimal compatibility in systems markets

We investigate private and social incentives for standardization to ensure market-wide system compatibility in a two-dimensional spatial competition model. We develop a new methodology to analyze competition on a torus and show that there is a fundamental conflict of interests between consumers and producers over the standardization decision. Consumers prefer standardization with full compatibility because it offers more variety that confers a better match with their ideal specifications. However, firms are likely to choose the minimal compatibility to maximize product differentiation and soften competition. This is in sharp contrast to the previous literature that shows the alignment of private and social incentives for compatibility.     

Examining the influence of uncertainty on marketing mix strategy elements in emerging business to business export-markets

The degree of adaptation or standardization of the marketing program is critical in international business ventures. However, findings within this important research field and, consequently, implications for practice remain contradictory and confusing. The purpose of this paper is to examine determinants of an international marketing-mix strategy within a specific business-to-business context that includes the effects of uncertainty. Is the degree to which the marketing program is adapted or standardized dependent on the managerial perception of uncertainty? Does a firm's international entrepreneurial ability or the use of networks positively influence the degree of positive assessment of the environment? Data were collected from German companies working in different international business-to-business markets. The results indicate that international entrepreneurship has a greater impact on uncertainty reduction than the use of networks. After having reduced uncertainty, a firm tends to adapt their communication and pricing strategy, whereas the adaptation of the product and distribution strategy in general is not significant.     

后金融危机时代场外衍生品市场监管改革趋势

金融危机暴露出全球场外衍生品市场监管体制的缺陷。金融危机后,全球加强了场外衍生品市场立法和监管体制改革。从全球主要国家、经济体、国际组织提出的改革措施看,场外衍生品市场立法和监管制度改革呈现出以下趋势：提高场外衍生产品的标准化程度、提高市场透明度、推动集中清算、加强非集中清算交易者的风险管理、发挥资本金的作用、加强国际监管合作等。