新产品标准化是新技术转化为生产力的桥梁

着重论述了新产品标准化在新技术转化为生产力过程中的重要性及其桥梁作用。     

The self-organisation of strategic alliances

This paper is based upon an analysis of various experiences of electronic commerce. It analyzes the role of private institutions in the organization of systems of transactions. Private institutions take place between public institutions (that are insufficiently specialized) and inter-individual governance structures (that do not benefit from scale and cognitive economies). These private institutions are very diverse and the paper points out the various types of services provided by diverse institutions depending on their constitutional mode.

While various possible institutional frameworks have very different features in terms of coordination, there is no most efficient institutional environment. Moreover, the emergence process of these institutional framework strongly influences their ability to survive. Very different institutional frameworks can therefore organize electronic trade quite differently in the various industries     

高职高专英语专业学生在翻译中应注意的原则

高职高专英语专业学生在翻译课堂中,尽管对"信"、"达"、"雅"三原则已熟记心中,但在实际应用中却无法准确把握翻译尺度,翻译效果欠佳。高职高专英语专业学生在翻译学习中,进一步掌握一定的翻译原则和标准,并能灵活运用在生活与工作中是非常重要和必要的。     

采油队标准化工作的特点及对策

针对基层采油队标准化知识普及教育面窄,标准的应用率不高和考核力度不够等问题所体现出的工程质量薄弱、生产管理基础不扎实、工作效率低的特点,提出了领导重视、积极参与是搞好标准化工作的关键;健全机构、运用标准是搞好标准化工作的基础;要把提高班站长的认识做为着眼点;把每个人的工作质量做为落脚点;把奖罚分明重在考核做为着力点,使标准化更好地发挥出经济效益.     

完善金融业机构信息管理的建议

为保障金融体系稳健运行,防范系统性金融风险,人民银行自2009年开始进行了一系列规范和加强金融业机构信息管理工作,开发并建立了“金融业机构信息化管理系统”,为推进我国金融标准化建设、实现金融体系内信息共享奠定了基础。系统运行两年后,相关工作有待进一步完善。     

建立我国应对气候变化标准体系的初步设想

应对气候变化事关人类长远利益,走低碳发展之路是积极应对气候变化的迫切要求,也是体现以人为本、全面协调可持续的发展导向、建设创新型国家的客观要求。本文基于国家应对气候变化总体战略部署,提出了及早开展应对气候变化标准体系研究的建议,并介绍了标准体系编制的初步构想和思路。同时指出,应对气候变化标准体系的建立和实施,应是一个持续完善的过程,是推进应对气候变化全局工作的关键。     

Motivation and strategy: MNCs׳ embeddedness in China׳s standardization based innovation

This paper aims to understand why MNCs choose different embedding strategies in standardization based innovation, and how MNCs׳ competitive landscapes evolve alongside the transition of indigenous innovation in China. Using the multiple case study approach based on the interviews and archival data about China׳s mobile standards, we find that MNCs may choose to proactively or reactively embed in China׳s business and institutional systems by aligning their interests with the standard-based indigenous innovation strategy. Although there are high risks in China׳s standardization, MNCs cannot ignore the huge benefits of China׳s mobile market, and may join in this standardization process when they are ensured the government support would sustain.     

Standardization efforts: The relationship between knowledge dimensions,search processes and innovation outcomes

We explore how a standardization effort (i.e., when a firm pursues standards to further innovation) involves different search processes for knowledge and innovation outcomes. Using an inductive case study of Vanke, a leading Chinese property developer, we show how varying degrees of knowledge complexity and codification combine to produce a typology of four types of search process: active, integrative, decentralized and passive, resulting in four types of innovation outcome: modular, radical, incremental and architectural. We argue that when the standardization effort in a firm involves highly codified knowledge, incremental and architectural innovation outcomes are fostered, while modular and radical innovations are hindered. We discuss how standardization efforts can result in a second-order innovation capability, and conclude by calling for comparative research in other settings to understand how standardization efforts can be suited to different types of search process in different industry contexts.     

The latecomer strategy for global ICT standardization: Indigenous innovation and its dilemma

This article reviews China׳s changing standardization strategies amidst the standards competitions that take place both domestically in China and globally. The relevant policies in China now support indigenous innovation, particularly in the information and communication technologies (ICT) industry by using standards, encourage domestic firms to patent their standard-related technologies, and promote innovation-oriented inter-firm alliances. The three cases examined illustrate the challenges that the Chinese government faces in implementing the policies. Most of all, while the government has actively promoted indigenous innovation as a latecomer strategy for global standardization, there are possibilities of clash with the international norms for free competition and economic liberalization which China is supposed to comply with. There are also oppositions from those domestic firms that mainly export products compliant with the international standards set by advanced countries, and from local authorities that support those firms. The demands for international compliance are often strengthened by multinationals importing products compliant with the international standards. These clashes and oppositions give a dilemma to the policy makers who want to push the standardization strategy based on indigenous innovation.     

Product innovation with mass-production: Insufficient or excessive?

Significant product innovation often entails standardization of product characteristics and mass-production. This paper examines the market outcome and social-welfare property of product innovation involving mass-production. It is shown that the share of mass-producers has tendency to be larger than the social optimum. The equilibrium share of mass-produced products is determined by the indifference condition of the marginal customer, while the optimal share is based on the indifference condition of the average customer. Since the marginal customer's benefit of using local products is lower than the average customer's, consumers move to mass-produced products more than desired. However, if there is positive externality among consumers in using mass-produced products, the market may have multiple equilibrium and the conclusion of excessive share of mass-produced products in market equilibrium may be reversed.