Working-time reduction and employment: experiences in Europe and economic policy recommendations

The paper seeks to evaluate the evidence on the employment effectsof the collective working-time reductions in Europe over thepast 20 years. While theoretical analyses produce contradictoryassessments, most empirical studies show positive employmenteffects but take insufficient account of these conditions underwhich the reductions in working time were implemented. Theseconditions for the success of collective working-time reductionsinclude an active training policy designed to minimise skillshortages in the labour market, the modernisation of work organisation,wage increases in conjunction with productivity gains and amore equal income distribution.     

基于知识约简的企业员工知识培训决策研究

文章首先阐述企业员工知识培训的重要性,指出企业对员工进行知识培训管理方面的不足,认为要有效地进行知识培训,必须首先了解员工的知识缺失,进行科学的知识需求分析.文章在介绍知识约简的相关概念基础上.提出了基于知识约简的企业员工知识培训决策的方法步骤,并结合算例进行了具体分析.     

金融发展影响城乡收入差距的三大效应及检验

金融发展影响城乡收入差距主要通过三条途径,即金融发展的门槛效应、金融发展的降低贫困效应、金融发展的非均衡效应。本文利用中国和省级1978~2004年的相关数据进行实证检验,结果显示实证与理论假说相符。最后,提出了相关政策建议。     

Behind closed doors: Sex bias at professional and managerial levels

U.S. companies have made important strides in combating sex discrimination in the workplace over the last two decades, but more subtle forms of sex bias still exist, often in decisions and behaviors that occur behind closed doors. This paper focuses on sex bias at professional and managerial levels. It explores sources of sex bias in the informal culture, selection and recruitment, task assignment, performance appraisal, promotion, and salary allocation, and then suggests action steps to help reduce sex bias in each of these areas.     

新疆W县村民参与塑料污染源头减量化治理意愿研究

[目的]塑料污染治理对我国生态文明建设、美丽乡村建设以及乡村振兴均具有至关重要的作用,源头减量化治理则是解决塑料污染的有力举措,村民参与能保证治理的有效性。[方法]文章为探究新疆村民参与塑料污染源头减量化治理的意愿,基于对W县506户村民的调查,通过对计划行为理论进行补充拓展并架构起新的理论分析框架,运用结构方程模型对村民参与塑料污染源头减量化治理意愿的影响因素进行实证分析。[结果]（1）村民的态度、主观规范、政策宣传、知觉行为控制和道德规范在不同水平下对村民的参与意愿具有促进作用;（2）主观规范、知觉行为控制和道德规范会通过影响村民的态度间接对其参与的意愿产生正向影响;（3）回收便利程度对村民的参与意愿不具有任何作用。[结论]为不断推进农村地区塑料污染源头减量化治理的进程,需要每一位村民的积极参与和监督。在此基础上提出加强宣传教育、加大表彰力度、构建各级政府和村民之间良好的对话机制等建议。     

股权分置改革对我国上市公司绩效的影响

文章以沪深2005年年底完成股改的239家上市公司为研究样本,通过描述性统计和回归分析,对股权分置改革的实施对我国上市公司绩效的影响进行了实证研究.研究结果显示:第一大股东持股比例下降幅度与公司绩效显著负相关.这说明了股权分置改革对我国上市公司的绩效产生了一定的影响,同时也说明了上市公司的国有股减持应按步骤循序渐进地进行,不能减持幅度一次过大.     

用神经网络对开式冷挤压极限变形程度的预测

给出了基于 BP网络的极限变形程度预测的分析方法 ,得到了开式冷挤压εmax神经网络计算结果 ,与实验结果比较 ,其精度较高 ,证明了神经网络模型在开式冷挤压工艺中应用的可行性。     

基于失效风险的建筑物预防维修成本模型优化

建筑物预防性维修成本的最优控制问题,是企业现代化经营管理的一个重要组成部分,直接影响到企业的经济效益。针对承受重复荷载作用的建筑构件,失效概率随服役时间增加而增大的实际情况,提出了失效风险的概念。采用役龄回退因子描述了维修后失效概率降低的程度,在此基础上推算出满足可靠度约束条件,适用于特定时间段非等间隔检测期序列,计算出单位维修周期内的检测次数。通过对维修成本函数的分析,建立了基于等失效风险状态的维修成本优化模型。为房屋物业管理部门进行建筑物的维修和更换决策提供参考依据。     

省级节能发电调度试点实践及推广建议

实施节能发电调度是电力行业落实科学发展观的重要举措。介绍了河南、四川两省3年来开展节能发电调度试点工作的情况,总结了开展“上大压小”和节能发电调度在优化电源结构、降低煤耗水平及污染物排放方面取得的显著成果,针对试点中反映出来的问题,对今后进一步开展节能发电调度、推广试点经验,就市场机制建设、可再生能源项目建设、经济补偿政策和电网建设等方面提出了建议。     

Land pressures,the evolution of farming systems,and development strategies in Africa: A synthesis

Evidence assembled in this special issue of Food Policy shows that rising rural population densities in parts of Africa are profoundly affecting farming systems and the region’s economies in ways that are underappreciated in current discourse on African development issues. This study synthesizes how people, markets and governments are responding to rising land pressures in Africa, drawing on key findings from the various contributions in this special issue. The papers herein revisit the issue of Boserupian agricultural intensification as an important response to land constraints, but they also go further than Boserup and her followers to explore broader responses to land constraints, including non-farm diversification, migration, and reduced fertility rates. Agricultural and rural development strategies in the region will need to more fully anticipate the implications of Africa’s rapidly changing land and demographic situation, and the immense challenges that mounting land pressures pose in the context of current evidence of unsustainable agricultural intensification, a rapidly rising labor force associated with the region’s current demographic conditions, and limited nonfarm job creation. These challenges are manageable but will require explicit policy actions to address the unique development challenges in densely populated rural areas.