Strategies to prevent economic recessions from causing business failure

An average of more than 500,000 businesses failed in the United States during each of the 10 recessions that have occurred since the end of World War II. Yet, scholar and practitioner understanding of how to prepare for and respond to the challenges of an economic downturn remains extremely limited. This article analyzes and synthesizes the information from academic theory and business experience on managing through an economic recession. To assist firms in successfully navigating economic recessions, we suggest a program that involves positioning by investing in multiple markets and geographies, planning by developing a turnaround plan for facing sharply declining sales, promoting by maintaining marketing initiatives, and preparing by acting in anticipation of economic recovery.     

Optimal hedge ratios and alternative hedging strategies in the presence of cointegrated time-varying risks

This paper utilizes the inter-temporal relationship between the FTSE-100 stock index and its futures price level between 1992 and 1999 to examine the characteristics of several minimum variance hedge ratios and the performances of several alternative hedging strategies for dynamic portfolio management in the presence of cointegrated time-varying risks. Earlier studies neglected the importance of cointegration between the two variables which resulted in biased estimates. These studies, in general, also assume that the hedging period is the same as the estimation time interval. This paper also looks at several key issues when the holding period is longer than the estimation period, such as the construction of optimal minimum variance hedge ratios, and the trade-off between transaction costs and risk reduction.     

我国建筑节能潜力最大的六大领域及其展望

本文列举了当前我国建筑节能潜力最大的六个领域,分别回顾了我国近几年在这六大领域所取得的工作成就,对面临的问题进行了逐一分析并提出相应的对策建议。     

Strategies and goals of community-based injury prevention programmes – a mixed-methods study of 25 Scandinavian WHO Safe Communities

Documentation and analysis of prevention goals and interventions employed by community-based injury prevention programmes is vital to advance the knowledge and understanding of synergistic multi-strategy injury prevention programmes. This study examined the goals and interventions of 25 Scandinavian community-based injury prevention programmes in WHO-designated Safe Communities. Collection and analysis of quantitative data from survey questionnaires to the programme coordinators was followed by collection and analysis of qualitative data from structured interviews with programme coordinators from eight of the programmes. The results demonstrated that the programmes under study predominantly relied on ‘intuitive’ and subjective methods for selecting interventions. The programmes largely failed to transform injury surveillance data into information and knowledge that could prioritize community safety strategies and measures, due to insufficient time and personnel resources. The results demonstrated the importance of combining passive approaches with active interventions. Educational efforts were considered essential to the programmes. The programmes preferred to rely on broadly stated goals rather than specific objectives.     

Enterprises,incentives and networks: The formative years of the electrical network in Portugal, 1920–1947

Path-dependence, the formation of technological irreversibilities and ownership patterns, have recently been salient aspects in the study of historical networks. This article analyses the formative years of public utilities in a period where the advantages of co-ordination, interconnection or integration between enterprises was still incipient. The purpose is to understand what happens when the competition to expand the physical extensions of nodes and links is suddenly blocked, and the enterprises can only compete to increase supply. The theme is thus of network enterprises operating without some of the standard incentives to economies of scale. The allocational and distributional consequences of this particular situation are exposed through an examination of the case study of Portuguese electrification in the first half of the twentieth century.     

国家发展战略对城乡居民收入差距的影响研究——以西部大开发为例

通过对不同时期城乡居民收入差异系数的对比分析,发现国家发展战略(这里以西部大开发为例)对城乡居民收入差距的缩小有积极影响——尽管对城乡居民收入差异系数绝对值的影响甚微,该战略实施后该系数的增长率明显低于全国平均水平和东部地区的增长率。     

新形势下城乡规划应对空间发展问题的策略探析

时代进步社会变迁,中国城乡面貌日新月异的同时逐渐面临严峻的空间发展问题.首先探讨了城乡规划面临的空间发展问题及产生原因,并归纳总结了国家应对战略所体现的四个基本思路:区域城乡空间协调发展、节约集约利用资源、保护耕地和保障生态安全格局;并对实现国家战略意图的三大主要空间规划进行对比分析,明确了城乡规划的功能定位;最后以此...     

市场份额、顾客忠诚与赢利能力

大量研究表明,进入20世纪80年代以后,长期被管理者看成是衡量一个企业能否获取高额利润的重要指标的市场份额与企业利润的相关度在大大降低,而顾客忠诚度则成为与企业高利润更为密切相关的因素.因此,企业要实现其利润最大化,必须重视培养顾客对企业的忠诚度.     

政府采购制度变迁的双层次互动进化博弈模型

宏观层次和微观层次的博弈具有互动性,政府、财政部门和微观主体的博弈行为可以用这种互动博弈联系起来。正是宏观层次中央政府与各级财政部门、微观层次各级财政部门和微观主体的重复博弈,而使得双层次互动博弈模型为一个动态的模型,从而得到了进化安定策略(ESS),达到进化安定均衡。