The influence of business strategy on new product activity: The role of market orientation

In this paper, we propose that business strategy influences new product activity both directly and indirectly via its influence on market orientation. Accordingly, we develop a framework linking firms' relative emphasis on cost leadership, product differentiation and focus strategies to firms' customer and competitor orientation as well as their new product development and introduction activity. We use this framework to develop a simultaneous equations model that is tested on survey data from 175 Dutch firms of varying size and across different industries in the manufacturing sector. The surprising findings are that a greater emphasis on a focus strategy results in a decreased emphasis on customer orientation and that competitor orientation has a negative direct influence on new product activity and an indirect positive effect via customer orientation. We discuss the implications of these findings for theory and practice.     

市场结构如何影响R＆D投入？——基于中国制造业行业面板数据的实证分析

熊彼特假说与新古典学派在“垄断（竞争）程度影响创新”的研究领域形成经典争论，对此进行的大量研究仍没有形成统一结论。本文在对已有实证研究的评述基础上。重新探讨了实证方法论，并基于中国制造业行业的面板数据进行了实证检验。实证结果表明，以勒纳指数表示的行业市场竞争与创新投入之间确呈倒U型关系，而行业中的外资比重比国有比重更能反映创新投入的差异，文章认为这能从中国的制度变迁中找到解释。对于“技术机会”的衡量，本文设计的固定资产项并没有起到足够的作用，相反，行业个体效应更能与其进行对应。     

21世纪的中国企业管理创新谈(下)

企业管理信息化是企业管理创新的重要课题，是企业管理现代化的基础，现代企业的信息资源具有与前大不同的新特点，企业信息化必须运用现代信息技术，它是一项复杂的系统工程，要有符合实际的整体规则。     

创业驱动的区域创新体系模型及其运行机制研究

本文在区域创新体系框架下,基于对美国硅谷区域创新体系的深入分析,归纳出一种创业驱动的区域创新体系模型,并对其运行机制进行了探讨,旨在对国内区域创新体系的建设起到启示与借鉴作用。     

The national innovation policy effect according to firm location

The regional nature of innovation and innovation policy was investigated. The aim of this study was to determine whether the specific economic and institutional conditions of a region had an influence on the results of a national policy intended to support entrepreneurial innovation. The analysis compared the effect of the national R&D subsidies on the innovation effort of firms located in central regions, which concentrate an important percentage of the national innovation activity, together with those firms located in periphery regions. Significant regional differences were detected with regard to the national R&D subsidies’ effect and distribution. The central regions manifested a higher subsidy effect compared to the periphery regions. The results of this study have allowed us to conclude that the region plays an important differentiating role in connection with the final result of the innovation policy aimed at the entire national territory. Therefore, this study recommends including the geographical location of the firm in future evaluations.     

企业知识管理的研究

在知识社会,知识成为了企业最重要的战略资源,谁拥有更多、更新的知识并能尽快将知识转化为生产力,谁就能在激烈的市场竞争中获胜。与此同时,"知识管理"也逐渐流行起来,各类企业纷纷开始推行知识管理。然而,不少企业的知识管理却并没有达到他们预期的成效。文中试图通过对知识性质的认识以及对知识创造模型(SECI模型)的分析来思考企业对于知识管理实施的困惑,希望能够给企业的知识管理实践带来一些建设性的认识。     

Persistence of innovative activities, sectoral patterns of innovation and international technological specialization

In this paper, we focus on the role of persistence and heterogeneity of innovative activities at the level of the firm in determining the patterns of technological change in different industries and countries. We ask: are persistence and heterogeneity associated with higher degrees of concentration in innovative activities, stability in the ranking of innovators, and lower degrees of entry and exit in the population of innovators? Or, do the patterns of innovation depend on other variables like firm size and industrial concentration? Moreover, what are the relationships between the patterns of innovative activities, their determinants, and the technological specialization of countries? We compute indicators of persistence and heterogeneity using the OTAF-SPRU patent database at the firm level for five European countries over the period 1969–1986 for 33 technological classes. Then, we estimate the relationships between our indicators of the sectoral patterns of innovative activities and international technological specialization on the one hand, and our indicators of persistence, heterogeneity and market structure on the other. Results show that persistence and asymmetries are important (and strongly related) phenomena that affect the patterns of innovative activities across countries and sectors, while the role of market structure variables is less clear. Finally, international technological specialization is associated to a competitive core of persistent innovators.     

Analysing the environmental antecedents of innovation adoption among politicians and public managers

This study presents evidence on public innovation from the perspectives of politicians and public managers. Environmental antecedents are analysed with regard to their impact on innovation adoption. Data are drawn from a survey of over 600 mayors and managers in Austrian local government. Results show that they identify the same innovation types but indicate different antecedents of innovation adoption. Findings for managers are broadly in line with results from larger jurisdictions. Since there are crucial dissimilarities in the factors explaining the adoption of innovation, we suggest that politicians and managers both be included in future studies of local government innovation.     

Barriers to innovation and public policy in Catalonia

The present paper analyses the link between firms’ decisions to innovate and the barriers that prevent them from being innovative. The aim is twofold. First, it analyses three groups of barriers to innovation: the cost of innovation projects, lack of knowledge and market conditions. Second, it presents the main steps taken by Catalan Government to promote the creation of new firms and to reduce barriers to innovation. The data set used is based on the 2004 official innovation survey of Catalonia which was taken from the Spanish CIS4 sample. This sample includes individual information on 2,954 Catalan firms in manufacturing industries and knowledge-intensive services (KIS). The empirical analysis reveals pronounced differences regarding a firm’s propensity to innovate and its perception of barriers. Moreover, the results show that cost and knowledge barriers seem to be the most important and that there are substantial sectoral differences in the way that firms react to barriers. The results of this paper have important implications for the design of future public policy to promote entrepreneurship and innovation together.

金融创新对贷币供求的影响分析

上世纪70年代开始的金融创新对金融和经济产生了深刻的影响,尤其是新的金融工具的出现,对货币供给和需求产生了很大的影响,从而影响了央行的货币政策制定和实施效果。本文分析了金融创新对货币供给和需求可能产生的影响,对金融创新在我国开展后的货币政策制定具有借鉴意义。