美日技术创新的产业分布及其对贸易竞争优势演变的结构效应

本文借用固定市场份额法,通过实证得出:美日两国从上世纪80年代末开始,技术创新产业选择方向出现了明显的不同,从而产业结构(贸易结构)的转换出现了较大差异,美国结构成功转型,贸易竞争优势得到了明显的提高;而日本产业结构和贸易结构转型一直在摸索阶段,结构升级的缓慢是日本贸易竞争优势有所下降的内在原因。     

日本电动汽车产业的发展与启示

创造适宜的产业环境、优化技术路线、加快基础设施建设、强化市场推广、推动产业优化升级、促进国际合作是日本电动汽车发展的基本经验.日本政府的新一代电动汽车战略也雄心勃勃.充分借鉴日本经验,坚持官产学联盟、加快自主创新、完善产业政策是中国电动汽车产业后来居上的捷径.     

Product configuration,ambidexterity and firm performance in the context of industrial equipment manufacturing

The practice of configuring products to individual customer orders has found application in a variety of industry contexts, but little is known about the specific capabilities that firms develop to successfully compete when offering configurable products. Our research begins to fill this gap in the context of industrial equipment manufacturing. Drawing from the ambidexterity literature, we argue that firms have to balance dual goals of reducing variation and promoting variation in their product configuration activities by fostering two distinct firm-level capabilities: product configuration effectiveness (PCE) and product configuration intelligence (PCI). Specifically, we hypothesize that the simultaneous presence of PCE and PCI—that is, product configuration ambidexterity (PCA)—drives superior firm responsiveness and, indirectly firm sales and operating margin. However, we also contend that responsiveness gains through PCA can diminish with product complexity and can increase operating cost. We test these hypotheses by collecting both primary and secondary data from a sample of 108 European industrial equipment manufacturing firms. Results from our analyses indicate that PCA has an indirect effect through responsiveness on sales and operating cost but not on operating margin, with this effect diminishing with product complexity. Taken together, our results suggest that investment in developing PCA may represent a conundrum for industrial equipment manufacturing firms, because it translates into market but not financial advantages, and it is intertwined with product design decisions. We conclude this study with a discussion of the findings for theory and practice.     

A review of experience curve analyses for energy demand technologies

Transitioning towards a sustainable energy system requires the large-scale introduction of novel energy demand and supply technologies. Such novel technologies are often expensive at the point of their market introduction but eventually become cheaper due to technological learning. In order to quantify potentials for price and cost decline, the experience curve approach has been extensively applied to renewable and non-renewable energy supply technologies. However, its application to energy demand technologies is far less frequent. Here, we provide the first comprehensive review of experience curve analyses for energy demand technologies. We find a widespread trend towards declining prices and costs at an average learning rate of 18 ± 9%. This finding is consistent with the results for energy supply technologies and for manufacturing in general. Learning rates for individual energy demand technologies are symmetrically distributed around the arithmetic mean of the data sample. Absolute variation of learning rates within individual technology clusters of 7 ± 4%-points and between technology clusters of 7 ± 5%-points both contribute to the overall variability of learning rates. Our results show that technological learning is as important for energy demand technologies as it is for energy supply technologies. Applying the experience curve approach to forecast technology costs involves, however, unresolved uncertainties, as we demonstrate in a case study for the micro-cogeneration technology.     

虚拟仪器技术对知识创造的影响研究

仪器作为现代科学研究的核心组成部分，在很大程度上决定了科学知识的产出。虚拟仪器技术对知识创造产生了深远影响。“软件就是仪器”的理念使得传统仪器、测量观念以及仪器作为科技黑箱的内涵和功能发生了质的变化。虚拟仪器在集成大量编码知识的同时更多地集成了主体的隐性知识，虚拟仪器技术通过对主体知识体系的重塑影响了知识创造。主体只有通过长时间、复杂的学习和使用过程才能充分发挥虚拟仪器技术在知识创造中的优势，实现编码知识和隐性知识的共同增长。     

Technological diversity,knowledge flow and capacity,and industrial innovation

ABSTRACT

This article examines the effect of technological diversity, knowledge flow and capacity on industrial innovation performance. We suggest that there is an inverse U-shaped relationship between technological diversity and industrial innovation performance. Moreover, knowledge flow and knowledge capacity are hypothesised as negatively moderating the effect of technological diversity on industrial innovation performance. We use negative binomial regression to test the hypotheses in a panel data of 360 industry-year cases and the findings support our prediction. Managerial implications and future research directions are discussed.     

论中国智库产业与国际接轨的挑战

现代意义的智库是一种以政策研究为核心的非营利性社会机构，有一定的社会公共属性，且与是否官办机构无关。在当今快速变化的世界中，智库具有前瞻性的科学决策方案，可为一个国家、社会、民族发展提供决策储备，实现与国际接轨的科学化功能系统。中国下一阶段的改革，需要智库产业独立性的涵养与真正确立。     

Innovative Practice——Shipping Magnate CY Tung's Road to Success

CY Tung was the pioneer of innovation and the practioner of innovative theories in modern shipping, regardless of his huge oil tanker building, container transport, institutional management or resource integration. Tung, the shipping industry have called the pioneer of innovation, Tung's road to success is a story and history of continuous innovation. In his shipping career, adhering to the innovative concept, multi-use new shipping technology, and management practice, Tung had built a team with the ability to innovate. Tung's group, by integrating its human resources, contacts and production resources ultimately established himself in the highly competitive international shipping market and achieved his legendary of the world shipping tycoon.     

Public policy targets in EU broadband markets: The role of technological neutrality

The European Commission has recently sought to substantially revise how it regulates the telecommunication industry, with a key goal being to incentivise investment in high-speed broadband networks. Ambitious goals to incentivise investment in high-speed broadband networks have been set across the European Union, initially in the ‘Digital Agenda for Europe’ and more recently in its ‘Gigabit strategy’. These goals reflect the view of many that there are widespread and significant socio-economic benefits associated with broadband. Our analysis explores the consequence of target setting at a European level, in terms of encouraging investment and picking which technology should be adopted within the context of technological neutrality. We demonstrate that while public policy targets might implicitly favour specific technologies, especially when gigabit targets are defined, the technological choices that occur within individual Member States are shaped by the complex and dynamic interaction between a series of path dependencies that may vary significantly across as well as within Member States. Adopting an ecosystem perspective, we propose a conceptual framework that identifies the key factors associated with technological neutrality and informs a rational decision-making process.